Raman spectroscopy is a practical exploration tool to study geological materials. This technique is a rapid and reliable way to confirm, for example, that a geological sample is really a jade gemstone, or that its composition is dolomite. Chemical information can be obtained without any extraction procedure or sample preparation. Thus, the analysis can be achieved in situ and if necessary directly at the geological site. Raman imaging is also useful to study heterogeneous samples provided by the various fields of application of Earth Science: mineralogy, gemmology, petrology, geoarcheology, paleontology, planetology or volcanology. By the mean of this vibrational technique, the complex history of the Earth can be better understood.