07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D3631-99 测量地面大气压的标准试验方法

1.1 These methods cover the measurement of atmos- pheric pressure with two types of barometers: the Fortin-type mercurial barometer and the aneroid barometer. 1.2 In the absence of abnormal perturbations, atmos- pheric pressure measured by these methods at a point is valid everywhere within a horizontal distance of 100 m and a vertical distance of 0.5 m of the point. 1.3 Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing height and varies with horizontal distance by 1 Pa/100 m or less except in the event of catastrophic phenomena (for example, tornadoes). Therefore, extension of a known barometric pressure to another site beyond the spatial limits stated in 1.2 can be accomplished by correction for height difference if the following criteria are met: 1.3.1 The new site is within 2000 m laterally and 500 m vertically. 1.3.2 The change of pressure during the previous 10 min has been less than 20 Pa. The pressure, P 2 at Site 2 is a function of the known pressure P 1 at Site 1, the algebraic difference in height above sea level, h 1 - h 2 , and the average absolute temperature in the space between. The functional relationship between P 1 and P 2 is shown in 10.2. The difference between P 1 and P 2 for each 1 m of difference between h 1 and h 2 is given in Table 1 and 10.4 for selected values of P 1 and average temperature. 1.4 Atmospheric pressure varies with time. These methods provide instantaneous values only. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

Standard Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure

ASTM D3631-99(2004) 测量地面大气压的标准试验方法

Atmospheric pressure is one of the basic variables used by meteorologists to describe the state of the atmosphere. The measurement of atmospheric pressure is needed when differences from “standard” pressure conditions must be accounted for in some scientific and engineering applications involving pressure dependent variables. These methods provide a means of measuring atmospheric pressure with the accuracy and precision comparable to the accuracy and precision of measurements made by governmental meteorological agencies.1.1 These methods cover the measurement of atmospheric pressure with two types of barometers: the Fortin-type mercurial barometer and the aneroid barometer.1.2 In the absence of abnormal perturbations, atmospheric pressure measured by these methods at a point is valid everywhere within a horizontal distance of 100 m and a vertical distance of 0.5 m of the point.1.3 Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing height and varies with horizontal distance by 1 Pa/100 m or less except in the event of catastrophic phenomena (for example, tornadoes). Therefore, extension of a known barometric pressure to another site beyond the spatial limits stated in 1.2 can be accomplished by correction for height difference if the following criteria are met:1.3.1 The new site is within 2000 m laterally and 500 m vertically.1.3.2 The change of pressure during the previous 10 min has been less than 20 Pa.The pressure, P2 at Site 2 is a function of the known pressure P1 at Site 1, the algebraic difference in height above sea level, h1 - h2, and the average absolute temperature in the space between. The functional relationship between P1 and P2 is shown in 10.2. The difference between P1 and P2 for each 1 m of difference between h1 and h2 is given in Table 1 and 10.4 for selected values of P1 and average temperature.1.4 Atmospheric pressure varies with time. These methods provide instantaneous values only.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

Standard Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure

ASTM E1367-99 用海水中和河口处生长的端足类甲壳动物作10天静态沉淀物毒性试验

1.1 This guide (1) describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the short-term adverse effects of potentially contaminated sediment, or of a test material experimentally added to contaminated or uncontaminated sediment, on marine or estuarine infaunal amphipods during static 10-day exposures. These procedures are useful for testing the effects of various geochemical characteristics of sediments on marine and estuarine amphipods, and could be used to assess sediment toxicity to other infaunal taxa, although modifications of the procedures appropriate to the test species might be necessary. Procedures for 10-day static sediment toxicity tests are described for the following species: Rhepoxynius abronius , Eohaustorius estuarius , Ampelisca abdita, Grandidierella japonica , and Leptocheirus plumulosus . 1.2 Modifications of these procedures might be appropriate for other sediment toxicity test procedures such as flow-through or partial life-cycle tests. Methods outlined in this guide should also be useful for conducting sediment toxicity tests with other aquatic taxa, although modifications might be necessary. Other test organisms might include other species of amphipods, other crustaceans, polychaetes, and bivalves. 1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting sediment tests with infaunal organisms. 1.4 These procedures are applicable to sediments containing most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, and known or unknown mixtures. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct sediment toxicity tests on factors such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and natural sediment characteristics (for example, particle size distribution, organic carbon content, total solids). These methods can also be used to conduct bioconcentration tests and in situ tests, and to assess the toxicity of potentially contaminated field sediments, or of such materials as sewage sludge, oils, particulate matter, and solutions of toxicants added to sediments. A median lethal concentration (LC50) or median sublethal effect concentration (EC50) of toxicants or of highly contaminated sediment mixed into uncontaminated sediment can be determined. Materials either adhering to sediment particles or dissolved in interstitial water can be tested. 1.5 Results of short-term toxicity tests with test materials experimentally added to sediments may be reported in terms of an LC50, and sometimes an EC50 where "concentration" refers to dry or wet weight concentration in sediment. Results of a field survey with single samples to determine a spatial or temporal distribution of sediment toxicity may be reported in terms of percent mortality (see Section 16). Field surveys can be designed to provide either a qualitative reconnaissance of the distribution of sediment toxicity or a quantitative statistical comparison of toxicity among stations. 1.6 This guide is arranged as follows: Section Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Summary of Guide 4 Significance and Use 5 Interferences 6 Hazards 7 Apparatus 8 Facilities 8.1 Construction Materials ......

Standard Guide for Conducting 10-day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods

ASTM D6430-99(2005) 重力法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the gravity method.1.1.2 The gravity method described in this guide is applicable to investigation of a wide range of subsurface conditions.1.1.3 Gravity measurements indicate variations in the earth''s gravitational field caused by lateral differences in the density of the subsurface soil or rock or the presence of natural voids or man-made structures. By measuring spatial changes in the gravitational field, variations in subsurface conditions can be determined.1.1.4 Detailed gravity surveys (commonly called microgravity surveys) are used for near-surface geologic investigations and geotechnical, environmental, and archaeological studies. Geologic and geotechnical applications include location of buried channels, bedrock structural features, voids, and caves, and low-density zones in foundations. Environmental applications include site characterization, ground water studies, landfill characterization, and location of underground storage tanks (1)178;.1.2 Limitations1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the gravity method. It does not address the details of the gravity theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the gravity method be familiar with the references cited and with the Guides D 420, D 5753, D 6235, and D 6429, and Practices D 5088, and D 5608. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to gravity measurements made on land. The gravity method can be adapted for a number of special uses: on land, in a borehole, on water, and from aircraft and space. A discussion of these other gravity methods, including vertical gravity gradient measurements, is not included in this guide.1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for the gravity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven. However, other approaches or modifications to the gravity method that are technically sound may be substituted.1.2.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM document is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 Precautions1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to establish appropriate health and safety practices.1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use.1.3.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns that may be associated with the use of the gravity method. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Using the Gravity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6431-99 直流电阻率法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application: 1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of the electrical properties of subsurface materials and their pore fluids, using the direct current (DC) resistivity method. Measurements of the electrical properties of subsurface materials are made from the land surface and yield an apparent resistivity. These data can then be interpreted to yield an estimate of the depth, thickness, and resistivity of subsurface layer(s). 1.1.2 Resistivity measurements as described in this guide are applied in geological, geotechnical, environmental, and hydrologic investigations. The resistivity method is used to map geologic features such as lithology, structure, fractures, and statigraphy; hydrologic features such as depth to water table, depth to aquitard, and ground water salinity; and to delineate ground water contaminants. General references are, Keller and Frischknecht (1), Zohdy et al (2), Koefoed (3), EPA (4), Ward (5), Griffiths and King (6), and Telford et al(7). 1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the Direct Current Resistivity Method. It does not address in detail the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the resistivity method be familiar with the references cited in the text and with the Guide D 420, Practice D 5088, Practice D 5608, Guide D 5730, Test Method G 57, D 6429, and D 6235. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach for resistivity measurements using sounding and profiling techniques with the Schlumberger, Wenner, or dipole-dipole arrays and modifications to those arrays. It does not cover the use of a wide range of specialized arrays. It also does not include the use of spontaneous potential (SP) measurements, induced polarization (IP) measurements, or complex resistivity methods. 1.2.3 The resistivity method has been adapted for a number of special uses: on land, in a borehole, or on water. Discussions of these adaptations of resistivity measurements are not included in this guide. 1.2.4 The approaches suggested in this guide for the resistivity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven. However, other approaches or modifications to the resistivity method that are technically sound may be substituted if technically justified and documented. 1.2.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM document is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.3 Precautions: 1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to consider the safety implications when high voltages and currents are used. 1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use. 1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicab......

Standard Guide for Using the Direct Current Resistivity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D5111-99 非都市地区监测大气沉积物的选址和取样方法的标准指南

1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying suitable locations and choosing appropriate sampling strategies for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations. It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmospheric deposition monitoring networks. 1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and includes cloud water, fog and snow. 1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban environments.

Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations

ASTM D3631-99(2011) 表面大气压力测量的标准试验方法

Atmospheric pressure is one of the basic variables used by meteorologists to describe the state of the atmosphere. The measurement of atmospheric pressure is needed when differences from “standard” pressure conditions must be accounted for in some scientific and engineering applications involving pressure dependent variables. These methods provide a means of measuring atmospheric pressure with the accuracy and precision comparable to the accuracy and precision of measurements made by governmental meteorological agencies.1.1 These methods cover the measurement of atmospheric pressure with two types of barometers: the Fortin-type mercurial barometer and the aneroid barometer. 1.2 In the absence of abnormal perturbations, atmospheric pressure measured by these methods at a point is valid everywhere within a horizontal distance of 100 m and a vertical distance of 0.5 m of the point. 1.3 Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing height and varies with horizontal distance by 1 Pa/100 m or less except in the event of catastrophic phenomena (for example, tornadoes). Therefore, extension of a known barometric pressure to another site beyond the spatial limits stated in 1.2 can be accomplished by correction for height difference if the following criteria are met: 1.3.1 The new site is within 2000 m laterally and 500 m vertically. 1.3.2 The change of pressure during the previous 10 min has been less than 20 Pa.The pressure, P2 at Site 2 is a function of the known pressure P1 at Site 1, the algebraic difference in height above sea level, h1 − h 2, and the average absolute temperature in the space between. The functional relationship between P1 and P2 is shown in 10.2. The difference between P1 and P2 for each 1 m of difference between h1 and h2 is given in Table 1 and 10.4 for selected values of P1 and average temperature. 1.4 Atmospheric pressure varies with time. These methods provide instantaneous values only. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section 7. TABLE 1 Selected Values Average Tempera- ture, Pressure P1, Pa 110 000100 00090 00080 00070 000 Correction to P1......

Standard Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure

ASTM D6432-99 地表地面穿透雷达法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application:1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of sub surface materials using the impulse Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Method. GPR is most often employed as a technique that uses high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves (from 10 to 3000 MHz) to acquire subsurface information. GPR detects changes in EM properties (dielectric permittivity, conductivity, and magnetic permeability), that in a geologic setting, are a function of soil and rock material, water content, and bulk density. Data are normally acquired using antennas placed on the ground surface or in boreholes. The transmitting antenna radiates EM waves that propagate in the subsurface and reflect from boundaries at which there are EM property contrasts. The receiving GPR antenna records the reflected waves over a selectable time range. The depths to the reflecting interfaces are calculated from the arrival times in the GPR data if the EM propagation velocity in the subsurface can be estimated or measured. 1.1.2 GPR measurements as described in this guide are used in geologic, engineering, hydrologic, and environmental applications. The GPR method is used to map geologic conditions that include depth to bedrock, depth to the water table (Wright et al (1)2 ), depth and thickness of soil strata on land and under fresh water bodies (Beres and Haeni (2)), and the location of subsurface cavities and fractures in bedrock (Ulriksen (3) and Imse and Levine (4)). Other applications include the location of objects such as pipes, drums, tanks, cables, and boulders , mapping landfill and trench boundaries (Benson et al (6)), mapping contaminants (Cosgrave et al (7); Brewster and Annan (8); Daniels et al (9)), conducting archaeological (Vaughan (10)) and forensic investigations (Davenport et al (11)), inspection of brick, masonry, and concrete structures, roads and railroad trackbed studies (Ulriksen (3)), and highway bridge scour studies (Placzek and Haeni (12)). Additional applications and case studies can be found in the various Proceedings of the International Conferences on Ground Penetrating Radar (Lucius et al (13); Hannien and Autio, (14), Redman, (15); Sato, (16); Plumb (17)), various Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, 1988-1998), and The Ground Penetrating Radar Workshop (Pilon (18)), EPA (19), and Daniels (20) provide overviews of the GPR method. 1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the impulse GPR method. It does not address details of the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. References are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the GPR method be familiar with the relevant material within this guide and the references cited in the text and with Guides D 420, D 5730, D 5753, D 6429, and D 6235. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach to GPR measurements from the ground surface. The method can be adapted for a number of special uses on ice (Haeni et al (21); Wright et al (22)), within or between boreholes (Lane et al (23); Lane et al (24)), on water (Haeni (25)), and airborne (Arcone et al (25)) applications. A discussion of these other adaptations of GPR measurements is not included in this guide. 1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for using GPR are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven; however, other approaches or modifications to using GPR that are technically sound may be substituted if technically justified and documented. 1.2.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional j......

Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D4630-96(2008) 用恒定水头喷射试验现场测定低渗透性岩石的透过比和释水系数的标准试验方法

Test Method8212;The constant pressure injection test method is used to determine the transmissivity and storativity of low-permeability formations surrounding packed-off intervals. Advantages of the method are: (1) it avoids the effect of well-bore storage, (2) it may be employed over a wide range of rock mass permeabilities, and (3) it is considerably shorter in duration than the conventional pump and slug tests used in more permeable rocks. Analysis8212;The transient water flow rate data obtained using the suggested test method are evaluated by the curve-matching technique described by Jacob and Lohman (1) and extended to analysis of single fractures by Doe et al. (2). If the water flow rate attains steady state, it may be used to calculate the transmissivity of the test interval (3). Units: Conversions8212;The permeability of a formation is often expressed in terms of the unit darcy. A porous medium has a permeability of 1 darcy when a fluid of viscosity 1 cp (1 mPa·s) flows through it at a rate of 1 cm3/s (10−6 m3/s)/1 cm2 (10−4 m2) cross-sectional area at a pressure differential of 1 atm (101.4 kPa)/1 cm (10 mm) of length. One darcy corresponds to 0.987 μm2. For water as the flowing fluid at 20°C, a hydraulic conductivity of 9.66 μm/s corresponds to a permeability of 1 darcy.1.1 This test method covers a field procedure for determining the transmissivity and storativity of geological formations having permeabilities lower than 10−3 μm2 (1 millidarcy) using constant head injection. 1.2 The transmissivity and storativity values determined by this test method provide a good approximation of the capacity of the zone of interest to transmit water, if the test intervals are representative of the entire zone and the surrounding rock is fully water-saturated. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test

ASTM D5920-96(2005) 各向异性自由含水层的诺埃曼法试验用标准试验方法(分析程序)

1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, specific yield, and horizontal-to-vertical hydraulic conductivity ratio of an unconfined aquifer. It is used to analyze the drawdown of water levels in piezometers and partially or fully penetrating observation wells during pumping from a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 The analytical procedure given in this test method is used in conjunction with Guide D 4043 and Test Method D 4050.1.3 The valid use of the Neuman method is limited to determination of transmissivities for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the theory.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Tests of Anisotropic Unconfined Aquifers by Neuman Method

ASTM D5922-96(2004) 地质现场调查中场地变化分析的标准导则

This guide is intended to encourage consistency in the analysis, interpretation, and modeling of spatial variation. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guides D 5549, D 5923, and D 5924.1.1 This guide covers recommendations for analyzing, interpreting, and modeling spatial variation of regionalized variables in geotechnical and environmental site investigations. 1.2 The measures of spatial variation discussed in this guide include variograms and correlograms; these are fully described in (1), (2), (3), and (4). 1.3 This guide is intended to assist those who are already familiar with the geostatistical tools discussed herein and does not provide introductory information on the analysis, interpretation, and modeling of spatial variation. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Analysis of Spatial Variation in Geostatistical Site Investigations

ASTM D5923-96e1 地质现场调查中可里格法选择的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers recommendations for selecting appropriate kriging methods based on study objectives, exploratory data analysis, and analysis of spatial variation. 1.2 This guide considers commonly used forms of kriging including ordinary kriging, simple kriging, lognormal kriging, universal kriging, and indicator kriging. Multivariate, space-time and other less-frequently used kriging methods are not discussed; however, this is not intended to reflect any judgement as to the validity of these methods. 1.3 This guide describes conditions for which kriging methods are not appropriate and for which geostatistical simulations approaches should be used. 1.4 This guide does not discuss non-geostatistical alternatives to kriging such as splines or inverse-distance techniques. 1.5 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of kriging. Introductions to geostatistics and kriging may be found in numerous texts including Refs (1), (2), and (3). A review of kriging methods is given in (4). 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site Investigations

ASTM D5924-96(2004) 地质现场调查中模拟近似法选择的标准导则

This guide is intended to encourage consistency and thoroughness in the application of geostatistical simulation to environmental, geotechnical, and hydrogeological site investigations. This guide may be used to assist those performing a simulation study or as an explanation of procedures for qualified nonparticipants who may be reviewing or auditing the study. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guides D 5549, D 5922, and D 5923. This guide describes conditions for which simulation or particular simulation approaches are recommended. However, these approaches are not necessarily inappropriate if the stated conditions are not encountered.1.1 This guide covers the conditions that determine the selection of a suitable simulation approach for a site investigation problem. Alternative simulation approaches considered here are conditional and nonconditional, indicator and Gaussian, single and multiple realization, point, and block. 1.2 This guide describes the conditions for which the use of simulation is an appropriate alternative to the use of estimation in geostatistical site investigations. 1.3 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of geostatistics. Introductions to geostatistics may be found in numerous texts including Refs (1), (2), and (3). 1.4 This guide is concerned with general simulation approaches only and does not discuss particular simulation algorithms currently in use. These are described in Refs (4), (5), and (6).

Standard Guide for Selection of Simulation Approaches in Geostatistical Site Investigations

ASTM D5920-96 各向异性自由含水层的诺埃曼法试验用标准试验方法(分析程序)

1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, specific yield, and horizontal-to-vertical hydraulic conductivity ratio of an unconfined aquifer. It is used to analyze the drawdown of water levels in piezometers and partially or fully penetrating observation wells during pumping from a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 The analytical procedure given in this test method is used in conjunction with Guide D4043 and Test Method D4050. 1.3 The valid use of the Neuman method is limited to determination of transmissivities for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the theory. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method [Analytical Procedure] for Tests of Anisotropic Unconfined Aquifers by Neuman Method

ASTM D5922-96e1 地质现场调查中场地变化分析的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers recommendations for analyzing, interpreting, and modeling spatial variation of regionalized variables in geotechnical and environmental site investigations. 1.2 The measures of spatial variation discussed in this guide include variograms and correlograms; these are fully described in (1), (2), (3), and (4). 1.3 This guide is intended to assist those who are already familiar with the geostatistical tools discussed herein and does not provide introductory information on the analysis, interpretation, and modeling of spatial variation. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Analysis of Spatial Variation in Geostatistical Site Investigations

ASTM D5923-96(2004) 地质现场调查中可里格法选择的标准导则

This guide is intended to encourage consistency and thoroughness in the application of kriging methods to environmental, geotechnical, and hydrogeological site investigations. This guide may be used to assist those performing a kriging study or as an explanation of procedures for qualified nonparticipants that may be reviewing or auditing the study. This guide encourages the use of site-specific information for the selection of an appropriate kriging method; however, the quality of data, the sampling density, and site coverage cannot be improved or compensated by any choice of kriging method. This guide describes conditions for which kriging or particular kriging methods are recommended. However, these methods are not necessarily inappropriate if the stated conditions are not encountered. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guides D 5549, D 5922, and D 5924.1.1 This guide covers recommendations for selecting appropriate kriging methods based on study objectives, exploratory data analysis, and analysis of spatial variation. 1.2 This guide considers commonly used forms of kriging including ordinary kriging, simple kriging, lognormal kriging, universal kriging, and indicator kriging. Multivariate, space-time and other less-frequently used kriging methods are not discussed; however, this is not intended to reflect any judgement as to the validity of these methods. 1.3 This guide describes conditions for which kriging methods are not appropriate and for which geostatistical simulations approaches should be used. 1.4 This guide does not discuss non-geostatistical alternatives to kriging such as splines or inverse-distance techniques. 1.5 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of kriging. Introductions to geostatistics and kriging may be found in numerous texts including Refs (1), (2), and (3). A review of kriging methods is given in (4). 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site Investigations

ASTM D5924-96e1 地质现场调查中模拟近似法选择的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the conditions that determine the selection of a suitable simulation approach for a site investigation problem. Alternative simulation approaches considered here are conditional and nonconditional, indicator and Gaussian, single and multiple realization, point, and block. 1.2 This guide describes the conditions for which the use of simulation is an appropriate alternative to the use of estimation in geostatistical site investigations. 1.3 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of geostatistics. Introductions to geostatistics may be found in numerous texts including Refs (1), (2), and (3). 1.4 This guide is concerned with general simulation approaches only and does not discuss particular simulation algorithms currently in use. These are described in Refs (4), (5), and (6).

Standard Guide for Selection of Simulation Approaches in Geostatistical Site Investigations

ASTM D5741-96(2002)e1 用风标和旋转风速计表示表面风特性的标准实施规程

This practice will characterize the distribution of wind with a maximum of utility and a minimum of archive space. Applications of wind data to the fields of air quality, wind engineering, wind energy, agriculture, oceanography, forecasting, aviation, climatology, severe storms, turbulence and diffusion, military, and electrical utilities are satisfied with this practice. When this practice is employed, archive data will be of value to any of these fields of application. The consensus reached for this practice includes representatives of instrument manufacturers which provides a practical acceptance of these theoretical principles used to characterize the wind.1.1 This practice covers a method for characterizing surface wind speed, wind direction, peak one-minute speeds, peak three-second and peak one-minute speeds, and standard deviations of fluctuation about the means of speed and direction.1.2 This practice may be used with other kinds of sensors if the response characteristics of the sensors, including their signal conditioners, are equivalent or faster and the measurement uncertainty of the system is equivalent or better than those specified below.1.3 The characterization prescribed in this practice will provide information on wind acceptable for a wide variety of applications. Note18212;This practice builds on a consensus reached by the attendees at a workshop sponsored by the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research in Rockville, MD on Oct. 29-30, 1992.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Characterizing Surface Wind Using a Wind Vane and Rotating Anemometer

ASTM D5096-96 测定杯形风速计或螺旋桨风速计性能的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Starting Threshold , Distance Constant , Transfer Function , and Off-Axis Response of a cup anemometer or propeller anemometer from direct measurement in a wind tunnel. 1.2 This test method provides for a measurement of cup anemometer or propeller anemometer performance in the environment of wind tunnel flow. Transference of values determined by these methods to atmospheric flow must be done with an understanding that there is a difference between the two flow systems. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer

ASTM D5741-96(2011) 利用风向标和旋转风速计来表现地面风的特征的标准操作规程

This practice will characterize the distribution of wind with a maximum of utility and a minimum of archive space. Applications of wind data to the fields of air quality, wind engineering, wind energy, agriculture, oceanography, forecasting, aviation, climatology, severe storms, turbulence and diffusion, military, and electrical utilities are satisfied with this practice. When this practice is employed, archive data will be of value to any of these fields of application. The consensus reached for this practice includes representatives of instrument manufacturers which provides a practical acceptance of these theoretical principles used to characterize the wind.1.1 This practice covers a method for characterizing surface wind speed, wind direction, peak one-minute speeds, peak three-second and peak one-minute speeds, and standard deviations of fluctuation about the means of speed and direction. 1.2 This practice may be used with other kinds of sensors if the response characteristics of the sensors, including their signal conditioners, are equivalent or faster and the measurement uncertainty of the system is equivalent or better than those specified below. 1.3 The characterization prescribed in this practice will provide information on wind acceptable for a wide variety of applications. Note 18212;This practice builds on a consensus reached by the attendees at a workshop sponsored by the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research in Rockville, MD on Oct. 29–30, 1992. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Characterizing Surface Wind Using a Wind Vane and Rotating Anemometer