07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5881-95(2005) 通过临界阻尼井回应顶部瞬息变化测定承压非越流性含水土层渗透性的标准试验方法(分析程序)

The assumptions of the physical system are given as follows: 6.1.1 The aquifer is of uniform thickness, with impermeable upper and lower confining boundaries. 6.1.2 The aquifer is of constant homogeneous porosity and matrix compressibility and constant homogeneous and isotropic hydraulic conductivity. 6.1.3 The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is taken to be on the well-bore axis at the top of the aquifer. 6.1.4 The aquifer is fully screened. 6.1.5 The well is 100 % efficient, that is, the skin factor, f, and dimensionless skin factor, σ, are zero. The assumptions made in defining the momentum balance are as follows: 6.2.1 The average water velocity in the well is approximately constant over the well-bore section. 6.2.2 Frictional head losses from flow in the well are negligible. 6.2.3 Flow through the well screen is uniformly distributed over the entire aquifer thickness. 6.2.4 Change in momentum from the water velocity changing from radial flow through the screen to vertical flow in the well are negligible. 1.1 This test method covers determination of transmissivity from the measurement of water-level response to a sudden change of water level in a well-aquifer system characterized as being critically damped or in the transition range from underdamped to overdamped. Underdamped response is characterized by oscillatory changes in water level; overdamped response is characterized by return of the water level to the initial static level in an approximately exponential manner. Overdamped response is covered in Guide D 4043; underdamped response is covered in D 5785.1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with Guide D 4043 and the field procedure in Test Method D 4044 for collection of test data.1.3 Limitations8212;Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of the transmissivity of an aquifer near the well screen. The method is applicable for systems in which the damping parameter, 950;, is within the range from 0.2 through 5.0. The assumptions of the method prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer) in a confined, nonleaky aquifer.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Critically Damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)

ASTM D5881-95(2000) 通过临界阻尼井回应顶部瞬息变化测定承压非越流性含水土层渗透性的标准试验方法(分析程序)

1.1 This test method covers determination of transmissivity from the measurement of water-level response to a sudden change of water level in a well-aquifer system characterized as being critically damped or in the transition range from underdamped to overdamped. Underdamped response is characterized by oscillatory changes in water level; overdamped response is characterized by return of the water level to the initial static level in an approximately exponential manner. Overdamped response is covered in Guide D4043; underdamped response is covered in D5785. 1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with Guide D4043 and the field procedure in Test Method D4044 for collection of test data. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.4 Limitations--Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of the transmissivity of an aquifer near the well screen. The method is applicable for systems in which the damping parameter, [zeta], is within the range from 0.2 through 5.0. The assumptions of the method prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer) in a confined, nonleaky aquifer. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Critically Damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)

ASTM E1604-94(2007) 水生动物毒理学性能试验标准导则

1.1 This guide covers some general information on the selection and application of behavioral methods useful for determining the sublethal effects of chemicals to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates.1.2 Behavioral toxicity occurs when chemical or other stressful conditions, such as changes in water quality or temperature, induce a behavioral change that exceeds the normal range of variability (1). Behavior includes all observable, recordable, or measurable activities of a living organism and reflects genetic, neurobiological, physiological, and environmental determinants (2).1.3 Behavioral methods can be used in biomonitoring, the determination of no-observed-effect and lowest-observed-effect concentrations, and the prediction of hazardous chemical impacts on natural populations (3).1.4 Behavioral methods can be applied to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates in standard laboratory toxicity tests, tests of effluents, and sediment toxicity tests.1.5 The various behavioral methods included in this guide are categorized with respect to seven interdependent, functional responses that fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates must perform in order to survive. These functional responses include respiration, locomotion, habitat selection, feeding, predator avoidance, competition, and reproduction (4).1.5.1 The functional responses are not necessarily mutually exclusive categories. For instance, locomotion, of some form of movement, is important to all behavioral functions.1.6 Additional behavioral methods for any category may be added when new tests are developed as well as when methods are adapted to different species or different life stages of an organism.1.7 This guide is arranged as follows:Section NumberScope1Referenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Guide4Significance and Use5Interferences6Test Facility7Water Supply8Safety Precautions9Test Material10Test Organisms11Responses Measured12Behavioral Test Method Selection Criteria13Experimental Design14Acceptability of Test15Calculation of Test Results16Report171.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.

Standard Guide for Behavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology

ASTM E1604-94(2002) 水生动物毒理学性能试验标准导则

1.1 This guide covers some general information on the selection and application of behavioral methods useful for determining the sublethal effects of chemicals to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates.1.2 Behavioral toxicity occurs when chemical or other stressful conditions, such as changes in water quality or temperature, induce a behavioral change that exceeds the normal range of variability (1). Behavior includes all observable, recordable, or measurable activities of a living organism and reflects genetic, neurobiological, physiological, and environmental determinants (2).1.3 Behavioral methods can be used in biomonitoring, the determination of no-observed-effect and lowest-observed-effect concentrations, and the prediction of hazardous chemical impacts on natural populations (3).1.4 Behavioral methods can be applied to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates in standard laboratory toxicity tests, tests of effluents, and sediment toxicity tests.1.5 The various behavioral methods included in this guide are categorized with respect to seven interdependent, functional responses that fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates must perform in order to survive. These functional responses include respiration, locomotion, habitat selection, feeding, predator avoidance, competition, and reproduction (4).1.5.1 The functional responses are not necessarily mutually exclusive categories. For instance, locomotion, of some form of movement, is important to all behavioral functions.1.6 Additional behavioral methods for any category may be added when new tests are developed as well as when methods are adapted to different species or different life stages of an organism.1.7 This guide is arranged as follows:Section NumberScope1Referenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Guide4Significance and Use5Interferences6Test Facility7Water Supply8Safety Precautions9Test Material10Test Organisms11Responses Measured12Behavioral Test Method Selection Criteria13Experimental Design14Acceptability of Test15Calculation of Test Results16Report171.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.

Standard Guide for Behavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology

ASTM D4696-92(2000) 从渗流区进行孔隙液体取样的标准导则

Sampling from the vadose zone may be an important component of some ground water monitoring strategies. It can provide information regarding contaminant transport and attenuation in the vadose zone. This information can be used for mitigating potential problems prior to degradation of a ground water resource (1).6 The choice of appropriate sampling devices for a particular location is dependent on various criteria. Specific guidelines for designing vadose zone monitoring programs have been discussed by Morrison (1), Wilson (2), Wilson (3), Everett (4), Wilson (5), Everett et al (6), Wilson (7), Everett et al (8), Everett et al (9), Robbins et al (10), Merry and Palmer (11), U.S. EPA (12), Ball (13), and Wilson (14). In general, it is prudent to combine various unsaturated and free drainage samplers into a program, so that the different flow regimes may be monitored. This guide does not attempt to present details of installation and use of the equipment discussed. However, an effort has been made to present those references in which the specific techniques may be found.1.1 This guide discusses equipment and procedures used for sampling pore-liquid from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). The guide is limited to in-situ techniques and does not include soil core collection and extraction methods for obtaining samples.1.2 The term "pore-liquid" is applicable to any liquid from aqueous pore-liquid to oil. However, all of the samplers described in this guide were designed, and are used to sample aqueous pore-liquids only. The abilities of these samplers to collect other pore-liquids may be quite different than those described.1.3 Some of the samplers described in this guide are not currently commercially available. These samplers are presented because they may have been available in the past, and may be encountered at sites with established vadose zone monitoring programs. In addition, some of these designs are particularly suited to specific situations. If needed, these samplers could be fabricated.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the Vadose Zone

ASTM D4696-92(2008) 从渗流区进行孔隙液体取样的标准指南

Sampling from the vadose zone may be an important component of some ground water monitoring strategies. It can provide information regarding contaminant transport and attenuation in the vadose zone. This information can be used for mitigating potential problems prior to degradation of a ground water resource (1). The choice of appropriate sampling devices for a particular location is dependent on various criteria. Specific guidelines for designing vadose zone monitoring programs have been discussed by Morrison (1), Wilson (2), Wilson (3), Everett (4), Wilson (5), Everett, et al (6), Wilson (7), Everett, et al (8), Everett, et al (9), Robbins, et al (10), Merry and Palmer (11), U.S. EPA (12), Ball (13), and Wilson (14). In general, it is prudent to combine various unsaturated and free drainage samplers into a program, so that the different flow regimes may be monitored. This guide does not attempt to present details of installation and use of the equipment discussed. However, an effort has been made to present those references in which the specific techniques may be found.1.1 This guide covers the equipment and procedures used for sampling pore-liquid from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). The guide is limited to in situ techniques and does not include soil core collection and extraction methods for obtaining samples. 1.2 The term “pore-liquid” is applicable to any liquid from aqueous pore-liquid to oil. However, all of the samplers described in this guide were designed, and are used to sample aqueous pore-liquids only. The abilities of these samplers to collect other pore-liquids may be quite different than those described. 1.3 Some of the samplers described in this guide are not currently commercially available. These samplers are presented because they may have been available in the past, and may be encountered at sites with established vadose zone monitoring programs. In addition, some of these designs are particularly suited to specific situations. If needed, these samplers could be fabricated. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the Vadose Zone

ASTM D4444-92(1998)e1 手提式湿度计的使用和校准用试验方法

1.1 These test methods apply to the measurement of moisture content of solid wood, including veneer, and wood products containing additives, that is, chemicals or adhesives (subject to conditions in 6.4 and 9.4). They also provide guidelines for meter use and calibration by manufacturers and users as alternatives to ovendry measurements. 1.2 Conductance and dielectric meters are not necessarily equivalent in their readings under the same conditions. When these test methods are referenced, it is assumed that either type of meter is acceptable unless otherwise specified. Both types of meters are to be calibrated with respect to moisture content on an oven-dry mass basis as determined by Test Methods D4442. 1.3 The method title indicates the procedures and uses for each type of meter: Section Method A Conductance Meters 5 to 7 Method B Dielectric Meters 8 to 10 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Use and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters

ASTM E1367-92 用海水中和河口处生长的端足类甲壳动物作10天静态沉淀物毒性试验

Standard Guide for Conducting 10-day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods

ASTM D3404-91(1998) 使用拉力计测量渗流区矩阵势能的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the measurement of matric potential in the vadose zone using tensiometers. The theoretical and practical considerations pertaining to successful onsite use of commercial and fabricated tensiometers are described. Measurement theory and onsite objectives are used to develop guidelines for tensiometer selection, installation, and operation. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Measuring Matric Potential in the Vadose Zone Using Tensiometers

ASTM D3404-91(2013) 使用拉力计测量渗流区矩阵势能的标准指南

4.1 Movement of water in the unsaturated zone is of considerable interest in studies of hazardous-waste sites (1, 2, 3, 4)2; recharge studies (5, 6); irrigation management (7, 8, 9); and civil-engineering projects (10, 11). Matric-potential data alone can be used to determine direction of flow (11) and, in some cases, quantity of water flux can be determined using multiple tensiometer installations. In theory, this technique can be applied to almost any unsaturated-flow situation whether it is recharge, discharge, lateral flow, or combinations of these situations. 4.2 If the moisture-characteristic curve is known for a soil, matric-potential data can be used to determine the approximate water content of the soil (10). The standard tensiometer is used to measure matric potential between the values of 0 and8201;-867 cm of water; this range includes most values of saturation for many soils (12). 4.3 Tensiometers directly and effectively measure soil-water tension, but they require care and attention to detail. In particular, installation needs to establish a continuous hydraulic connection between the porous material and soil, and minimal disturbance of the natural infiltration pattern are necessary for successful installation. Avoidance of errors caused by air invasion, nonequilibrium of the instrument, or pressure-sensor inaccuracy will produce reliable values of matric potential. 4.4 Special tensiometer designs have extended the normal capabilities of tensiometers, allowing measurement in cold or remote areas, measurement of matric potential as low as8201;-153 m of water (-15 bars), measurement at depths as deep as 6 m (recorded at land surface), and automatic measurement using as many as 22 tensiometers connected to a single pressure transducer, but these require a substantial investment of effort and money. 4.5 Pressure sensors commonly used in tensiometers include vacuum gages, mercury manometers, and pressure transducers. Only tensiometers equipped with pressure transducers allow for the automated collection of large quantities of data. However, the user needs to be aware of the pressure-transducer specifications, particularly temperature sensitivity and long-term drift. Onsite measurement of known zero and “full-scale” readings probably ......

Standard Guide for Measuring Matric Potential in Vadose Zone Using Tensiometers

ASTM D4700-91(2006) 渗流区土壤抽样的标准指南

Chemical analyses of liquids, solids, and gases from the vadose zone can provide information on the presence, possible source, migration route, and physical-chemical behavior of contaminants. Remedial or mitigating measures can be formulated based on this information. This guide describes devices and procedures that can be used to obtain vadose zone soil samples. Soil sampling is useful for the reasons presented in Section 1. However, it should be recognized that the general method is destructive, and that resampling at an exact location is not possible. Therefore, if a long term monitoring program is being designed, other methods for obtaining samples should be considered.1.1 This guide covers procedures that may be used for obtaining soil samples from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Samples can be collected for a variety of reasons including the following:1.1.1 Stratigraphic description,1.1.2 Hydraulic conductivity testing,1.1.3 Moisture content measurement,1.1.4 Moisture release curve construction,1.1.5 Geotechnical testing,1.1.6 Soil gas analyses,1.1.7 Microorganism extraction, or1.1.8 Pore liquid and soils chemical analyses.1.2 This guide focuses on methods that provide soil samples for chemical analyses of the soil or contained liquids or contaminants. However, comments on how methods may be modified for other objectives are included.1.3 This guide does not describe sampling methods for lithified deposits and rocks (for example, sandstone, shale, tuff, granite).1.4 In general, it is prudent to perform all field work with at least two people present. This increases safety and facilitates efficient data collection.1.5 inch-pound-units;This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone

ASTM D4700-91(1998)e1 渗流区土壤抽样的标准指南

1.1 This guide addresses procedures that may be used for obtaining soil samples from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Samples can be collected for a variety of reasons including the following: 1.1.1 Stratigraphic description, 1.1.2 Hydraulic conductivity testing, 1.1.3 Moisture content measurement, 1.1.4 Moisture release curve construction, 1.1.5 Geotechnical testing, 1.1.6 Soil gas analyses, 1.1.7 Microorganism extraction, or 1.1.8 Pore liquid and soils chemical analyses. 1.2 This guide focuses on methods that provide soil samples for chemical analyses of the soil or contained liquids or contaminants. However, comments on how methods may be modified for other objectives are included. 1.3 This guide does not describe sampling methods for lithified deposits and rocks (for example, sandstone, shale, tuff, granite). 1.4 In general, it is prudent to perform all field work with at least two people present. This increases safety and facilitates efficient data collection. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone

ASTM D3213-91(1997) 处理、储存和制备软质完整海洋土壤的标准实施规程

1.1 These practices cover methods for project/cruise reporting, and handling, transporting and storing soft cohesive undisturbed marine soil. Procedures for preparing soil specimens for triaxial strength, and consolidation testing are also presented. 1.2 These practices may include the handling and transporting of sediment specimens contaminated with hazardous materials and samples subject to quarantine regulations. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Sections 1, 2 and 7. 1.4 The values in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Practices for Handling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Undisturbed Marine Soil

ASTM D5126-90(1998)e1 比较渗流带透水性测定用现场方法的标准指南

1.1 This guide provides a review of the test methods for determining hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated soils and sediments. Test methods for determining both field-saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are described. 1.2 Measurement of hydraulic conductivity in the field is used for estimating the rate of water movement through clay liners to determine if they are a barrier to water flux, for characterizing water movement below waste disposal sites to predict contaminant movement, and to measure infiltration and drainage in soils and sediment for a variety of applications. Test methods are needed for measuring hydraulic conductivity ranging from 1 X 10-2 to 1 X 10-8 cm/s, for both surface and subsurface layers, and for both field-saturated and unsaturated flow. 1.3 For these field test methods a distinction must be made between "saturated" ( s) and "field-saturated" ( fs) hydraulic conductivity. True saturated conditions seldom occur in the vadose zone except where impermeable layers result in the presence of perched water tables. During infiltration events or in the event of a leak from a lined pond, a "field-saturated" condition develops. True saturation does not occur due to entrapped air (1). The entrapped air prevents water from moving in air-filled pores that, in turn, may reduce the hydraulic conductivity measured in the field by as much as a factor of two compared to conditions when trapped air is not present (2). Field test methods should simulate the "field-saturated" condition. 1.4 Field test methods commonly used to determine field-saturated hydraulic conductivity include various double-ring infiltrometer test methods, air-entry permeameter test methods, and borehole permeameter tests. Many empirical test methods are used for calculating hydraulic conductivity from data obtained with each test method. A general description of each test method, and special characteristics affecting applicability is provided. 1.5 Field test methods used to determine unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the field include direct measurement techniques and various estimation methods. Direct measurement techniques for determining unsaturated hydraulic conductivity include the instantaneous profile (IP) test method, and the gypsum crust method. Estimation techniques have been developed using borehole permeameter data, and using data obtained from desorption curves (a curve relating water content to matric potential). 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Comparison of Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity in the Vadose Zone

ASTM D5126-90(2004) 现场比较法测定渗流区液体传导指数的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers a review of the test methods for determining hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated soils and sediments. Test methods for determining both field-saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are described.1.2 Measurement of hydraulic conductivity in the field is used for estimating the rate of water movement through clay liners to determine if they are a barrier to water flux, for characterizing water movement below waste disposal sites to predict contaminant movement, and to measure infiltration and drainage in soils and sediment for a variety of applications. Test methods are needed for measuring hydraulic conductivity ranging from 1 10 2 to 1 108 cm/s, for both surface and subsurface layers, and for both field-saturated and unsaturated flow.1.3 For these field test methods a distinction must be made between "saturated" (Ks) and "field-saturated" ( Kfs) hydraulic conductivity. True saturated conditions seldom occur in the vadose zone except where impermeable layers result in the presence of perched water tables. During infiltration events or in the event of a leak from a lined pond, a "field-saturated" condition develops. True saturation does not occur due to entrapped air (). The entrapped air prevents water from moving in air-filled pores that, in turn, may reduce the hydraulic conductivity measured in the field by as much as a factor of two compared to conditions when trapped air is not present (). Field test methods should simulate the "field-saturated" condition.1.4 Field test methods commonly used to determine field-saturated hydraulic conductivity include various double-ring infiltrometer test methods, air-entry permeameter test methods, and borehole permeameter tests. Many empirical test methods are used for calculating hydraulic conductivity from data obtained with each test method. A general description of each test method and special characteristics affecting applicability is provided.1.5 Field test methods used to determine unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the field include direct measurement techniques and various estimation methods. Direct measurement techniques for determining unsaturated hydraulic conductivity include the instantaneous profile (IP) test method and the gypsum crust method. Estimation techniques have been developed using borehole permeameter data and using data obtained from desorption curves (a curve relating water content to matric potential).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Comparison of Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity in the Vadose Zone

ASTM D5012-89(1994)e1 大气湿沉积物采集和保存使用材料的制备标准指南

1.1 This guide presents recommendations for the cleaning of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric wet deposition (AWD). This guide also presents recommendations for the preservation of samples collected for chemical analysis.1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is acceptable for most samples including samples for the determination of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids. Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determination of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is recommended for samples for the determination of other organic compounds.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition

ASTM E337-84(1996)e1 用干湿球湿度计测定湿度的标准试验方法(湿球和干球温度的测量)

1.1 General: 1.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the humidity of atmospheric air by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperature readings. 1.1.2 This test method is applicable for meteorological measurements at the earth's surface, for the purpose of the testing of materials, and for the determination of the relative humidity of most standard atmospheres and test atmospheres. 1.1.3 This test method is also applicable when the temperature of the wet bulb only is required. In this case, the instrument comprises a wet-bulb thermometer only. 1.1.4 Relative humidity (rh) does not denote a unit. Uncertainties in the relative humidity are expressed in the form U + u % rh, which means that the relative humidity is expected to lie in the range ( U - )% to ( U + )%, where U is the observed relative humidity. All uncertainties are at the 95% confidence level. 1.2 Method A - Psychrometer Ventilated by Aspiration: 1.2.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by aspiration. The aspirated psychrometer is more accurate than the sling (whirling) psychrometer (see Method B), and it offers advantages in regard to the space which it requires, the possibility of using alternative types of thermometers (for example, electrical), easier shielding of thermometer bulbs from extraneous radiation, accidental breakage, and convenience. 1.2.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 to 80176C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1176C, and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30%. 1.3 Method B - Psychrometer Ventilated by Whirling (Sling Psychrometer): 1.3.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by whirling (sling psychrometer). 1.3.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 to 50176C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1176C and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30%. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary statements, see 8.1 and 15.1.)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)

ASTM D4230-83(1996)e1 利用冷却表面浓缩(露点)湿度计测定湿度的方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermodynamic dew- or frost-point temperature of ambient air by the condensation of water vapor on a cooled surface. For brevity this is referred to in this method as the condensation temperature. 1.2 This test method is applicable for the range of condensation temperatures from 60176C to -70176C. 1.3 This test method includes a general description of the instrumentation and operational procedures, including site selection, to be used for obtaining the measurements and a description of the procedures to be used for calculating the results. 1.4 This test method is applicable for the continuous measurement of ambient humidity in the natural atmosphere on a stationary platform. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.

Standard Test Method of Measuring Humidity with Cooled-Surface Condensation (Dew-Point) Hygrometer

ASTM E947-83(2007) 化学分析用单相地热液体取样或蒸汽取样

1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included. See Fig 1.

Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis

ASTM E947-83(2002) 化学分析用单相地热液体取样或蒸汽取样的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included. See Fig 1.

Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis