13.060.10 天然水资源 标准查询与下载

SL/T 483-2017 洪水风险图编制导则

Guidelines for preparing flood risk maps

ASTM F625/F625M-94(2017) 泄漏控制系统水体分类标准实践

1.1 This practice creates a system of categories that classify water bodies relating to the control of spills of oil and other substances that float on or into a body of water. 1.2 This practice does not address the compatibility of spill control equipment with spill products. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that any equipment selected is compatible with anticipated products. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Control Systems

ASTM D7045-17 废物处理设施检测监测程序地下水监测成分优化标准指南

1.1 This standard provides a general method of selecting effective constituents for detection monitoring programs at Waste Disposal Facilities. The process described in this standard presents a methodology that takes into consideration physical and chemical characteristics of the source material(s), the surrounding hydrogeologic regime, and site-specific geochemistry to identify and select those parameters that provide most effective detection of a potential release from a waste management unit (WMU). 1.2 In the following sections, details of an evaluation of effective monitoring constituents for a groundwater detectionmonitoring program were based on site-specific waste characterization. 1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also be appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for monitoring situations or media that are not presented in this standard. 1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience and professional judgements. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word standard in the title of this document only means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Optimization of Groundwater Monitoring Constituents for Detection Monitoring Programs for Waste Disposal Facilities

ASTM D6029-17 用Hantush-Jacob方法确定密闭含水层和泄漏密闭层的液压特性的标准测试方法（分析程序）可忽略不计

1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer and the leakance value of an overlying or underlying confining bed for the case where there is negligible change of water in storage in a confining bed. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050. 1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the Hantush-Jacob method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (Test Method D4106) with the exception that in this case the aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness, and in which the gain or loss of water in storage is assumed to be negligible, and that bed, in turn, is bounded on the distal side by a zone in which the head remains constant. The hydraulic conductivity of the other bed confining the aquifer is so small that it is assumed to be impermeable (see Fig. 1). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4.1 The converted inch-pound units use the gravitational system of units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The converted slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved. 1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and round established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard. 1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported date to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method for engineering design. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky Confining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob Method

ASTM D6170-17 选择地下水建模代码的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers a systematic approach to the determination of the requirements for and the selection of computer codes used in a groundwater modeling project. Due to the complex nature of fluid flow and biotic and chemical transport in the subsurface, many different groundwater modeling codes exist, each having specific capabilities and limitations. Furthermore, a wide variety of situations may be encountered in projects where groundwater models are used. Determining the most appropriate code for a particular application requires a thorough analysis of the problem at hand and the required and available resources, as well as detailed description of the functionality of candidate codes. 1.2 The code selection process described in this guide consists of systematic analysis of project requirements and careful evaluation of the match between project needs and the capabilities of candidate codes. Insufficiently documented capabilities of candidate codes may require additional analysis of code functionality as part of the code selection process. Fig. 1 is provided to assist with the determination of project needs in terms of code capabilities, and, if necessary, to determine code capabilities. 1.3 This guide is one of a series of guides on groundwater modeling codes and their applications, such as Guides D5447, D5490, D5609, D5610, D5611, D5718, and D6025. 1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selecting a Groundwater Modeling Code

ASTM D4043-17 选择含水层测试方法的标准指南 用于通过井技术确定水力特性

1.1 This guide covers an integral part of a series of standards that are being prepared on the in situ determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer systems by singleor multiple-well tests. This guide provides guidance for development of a conceptual model of a field site and selection of an analytical test method for determination of hydraulic properties. This guide does not establish a fixed procedure for determination of hydrologic properties. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 Limitations—Well techniques have limitations in the determination of hydraulic properties of groundwater flow systems. These limitations are related primarily to the simplifying assumptions that are implicit in each test method. The response of an aquifer system to stress is not unique; therefore, the system must be known sufficiently to select the proper analytical method. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques

ASTM D6028-17 用于确定密闭含水层水力特性的标准试验方法（分析程序）考虑到通过改进的Hantush方法在泄漏的限制床中储存水

1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer taking into consideration the change in storage of water in overlying or underlying confining beds, or both. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050. 1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the modified Hantush method (1)2 is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Hantush-Jacob method (Test Method D6029) with the exception that in this case the gain or loss of water in storage in the confining beds is taken into consideration (see 5.1). All possible combinations of impermeable beds and source beds (for example, beds in which the head remains uniform) are considered on the distal side of the leaky beds that confine the aquifer of interest (see Fig. 1). 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking into Consideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Beds by Modified Hantush Method

DB50/T 746-2016 水库大坝安全监测资料整编分析规程

本标准主要适用于已建水利水电工程5级及以上的混凝土坝、土石坝的运行期安全监测资料整编分析，其它时段以及其他坝型可参照执行。

Regulations for Compilation and Analysis of Reservoir Dam Safety Monitoring Data

DB35/T 1627-2016 水利风景资源评价标准

本标准规定了水利风景资源的类型体系，以及水利风景资源评价的技术与方法。 本标准适用于福建省内各类水利风景资源。

Evaluation Standards for Water Conservancy Landscape Resources

KS I ISO 5667-18-2016 水质 采样 第18部分：污染场地地下水采样导则

Water quality－Sampling－Part 18：Guidance on sampling of groundwater at contaminated sites

ASTM D5092/D5092M-16 地下水监测井设计与安装标准实践

1.1 This practice describes a methodology for designing and installing conventional (screened and filter-packed) groundwater monitoring wells suitable for formations ranging from unconsolidated aquifers (that is, sands and gravels) to granular materials having grain-size distributions with up to 50 % passing a #200 sieve and as much as 20 % clay-sized material (that is, silty fine sands with some clay). Formations finer than this (that is, silts, clays, silty clays, clayey silts) can be monitored but the well may not yield sufficient water required for sampling, and fine filter pack and screen requirements are difficult and costly to install. Use of coarser filter/screens in fine formations will result in wells with unstable filter packs and associated elevated sample turbidity that may adversely affect sample accuracy and data quality objectives. This practice is not applicable in fractured or karst rock conditions, but may be applicable for other porous rock formations. 1.2 The recommended monitoring well design and installation procedures presented in this practice are based on the assumption that the objectives of the program are to obtain representative groundwater samples and other representative groundwater data from a targeted zone of interest in the subsurface defined by site characterization. 1.3 This practice when used on coarse grained sand and gravel aquifers, in combination with proper well development (D5521), proper groundwater sampling procedures (D4448), and proper well maintenance and rehabilitation (D5978), will permit acquisition of groundwater samples free of artifactual turbidity, eliminate siltation of wells between sampling events, and permit acquisition of accurate groundwater levels and hydraulic conductivity test data from the zone screened by the well. For wells installed in fine-grained formation materials, it is generally necessary to use much finer pre-packed well screens (6.3.3.2) and/or employ sampling methods that minimize screen intake flow velocity, and disturbance of the well column including suspension of settled solids in the well. Using low-flow purging and sampling techniques (D6771) or passive sampling devices (D7929) are two means to minimize the potential sample bias associated with turbidity. 1.4 This practice applies primarily to well design and installation methods used in drilled boreholes. Other standards, including Guide D6724 and Practice D6725, cover installation of monitoring wells using direct-push methods. 1.5 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Equivalent values given in parentheses are shown for mix designs and sieves sizes. 1.5.1 Sieve Designations (Specification E11) are identified using the “alternate” system, for example, #40, #200 sieve etc. with nominal opening size in inches and particle sizes in mm. See Specification E11 for standard metric sieve sizes. 1.5.2 Well screen slots are expressed in inches and the metric equivalent is given in the terminology section and when necessary in the standard (see 3.3.6). 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Nat all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations. Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published December 2016. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5092–04(2010)ɛ1 . DOI: 10.1520/D5092_D5092M-16. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1 

Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells

ASTM D6724/D6724M-16 直接推送地下水监测井安装指南

5.1 The direct push ground method is a rapid and economical procedure for installing groundwater monitoring wells to obtain representative groundwater samples and location-specific hydrogeologic measurements. Direct push installations may offer an advantage over conventional rotary drilled monitoring wells (Practice D5092) for groundwater explorations in unconsolidated formations because they reduce disturbance to the formation, and eliminate or minimize drill cuttings. At facilities where contaminated soils are present, this can reduce hazard exposure for operators, local personnel, and the environment, and can reduce investigative derived wastes. Additionally, smaller equipment can be used for installation, providing better access to constricted locations. 5.2 Direct push monitoring wells are typically smaller in diameter than drilled wells, thereby reducing purge water volumes, sampling time, and investigative derived wastes. Practice D5092 monitoring wells are used when larger diameters and/or sample volumes are required, or at depths or in geologic formations to where it is difficult to install direct push wells. Direct push monitoring wells should be viable for monitoring for many years. 5.3 Prior to construction and installation of a direct push well or any other type of groundwater well the reader should consult appropriate local agencies regarding regulatory requirements for well construction. A regulatory variance may be required for installation of direct push monitoring wells. 5.4 To date, published comparison studies between drilled monitoring wells and direct push monitoring wells have shown comparability (1-10)4. However, selection of direct push monitoring wells over conventional rotary drilled wells should be based on several criteria, such as site accessibility and penetrability, stratigraphic structure, depth to groundwater, and aquifer transmissivity. 5.5 Typical penetration depths for installation of groundwater monitoring wells with direct push equipment depend on many variables. Some of the variables are the size and type of the driving system, diameter of the drive rods and monitoring well, and the resistance of the earth materials being penetrated. Some direct push systems are capable of installing groundwater monitoring wells to depths in excess of 100 ft [30 m], and larger direct push equipment can reach depths of several hundred feet. However, installation depths of 10 to 50 ft [5 to 15 m] are most common. Direct push methods cannot be used to install monitoring wells in consolidated bedrock (for example, granite, limestone, gneiss), but are intended for installation in unconsolidated materials such as clays, silts, sands, and some gravels. Additionally, deposits containing significant cobbles and boulders (for example, some glacial deposits), or strongly cemented materials (for example, caliche) are likel......

Standard Guide for Installation of Direct Push Groundwater Monitoring Wells

ASTM D5978/D5978M-16 地下水监测井维护和恢复标准指南

4.1 The process of operating any engineered system, such as monitoring wells, includes active maintenance to prevent, mitigate, or reverse deterioration. Lack of or improper maintenance can lead to well performance deficiencies (physical problems) or sample quality degradation (chemical problems). These problems are intrinsic to monitoring wells, which are often left idle for long periods of time (as long as a year), installed in non-aquifer materials, and installed to evaluate contamination that can cause locally anomalous hydrogeochemical conditions. The typical solutions for these physical and chemical problems that would be applied by owners and operators of water supply, dewatering, recharge, and other wells may not be appropriate for monitoring wells because of the need to minimize their impact on the conditions that monitoring wells were installed to evaluate. 4.2 This guide covers actions and procedures, but is not an encyclopedic guide to well maintenance. Well maintenance planning and execution is highly site and well specific. 4.3 The design of maintenance and rehabilitation programs and the identification of the need for rehabilitation should be based on objective observation and testing, and by individuals knowledgeable and experienced in well maintenance and rehabilitation. Users of this guide are encouraged to consult the references provided. 4.4 For additional information see Test Methods D4412, D5472, D7726 and Guides D4448, D5254, D5521, D5409, D5410 and D5474. Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soils and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, user of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice. 1.1 This guide covers an approach to selecting and implementing a well maintenance and rehabilitation program for groundwater monitoring wells. It provides information on symptoms of problems or deficiencies that indicate the need for mainten......

Standard Guide for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells

GSO ISO 5667-4:2015 水质采样 第4部分：天然湖和人工湖采样指南

This part of ISO 5667 presents detailed principles to be applied to the design of sampling programmes, to sampling techniques and the handling and preservation of samples of water from natural and man-made lakes. Sampling for microbiological examination is not included. The main objectives are specified in 1.1 to 1.3. 1.1 Quality characterization measurement Measurement of water quality over a long period of time (several years) including the total body of water. 1.2 Quality control measurement Measurement of water quality over a long period of time at one or several defined places in a body of water where water is or may be withdrawn for use. 1.3 Measurement for specific reasons Identification and measurement of pollution, for example fish or bird mortality, or other unusual phenomena (colour or turbidity development, formation of floating layers).

Water quality -- Sampling -- Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made

GSO ISO 5667-6:2015 水质 采样 第6部分：河流和溪流采样指南

This part of ISO 5667 sets out the principles to be applied to the design of sampling programmes, sampling techniques, and the handling of water samples from rivers and streams for physical and chemical assessment. It is not applicable to the sampling of estuarine or coastal waters nor for microbiological sampling. NOTE 1 Procedures for microbiological sampling are given in ISO 19458.[10] This part of ISO 5667 is neither applicable to the examination of sediment, suspended solids or biota, nor to dammed stretches of rivers or streams. Also, it is not applicable to passive sampling of surface waters (see ISO 5667-23). NOTE 2 In cases where naturally occurring or artificially constructed dams result in the retention or storage of water for several days or more, the stretch of the river or stream should be considered as a standing water body. For sampling purposes, see ISO 5667-4.

Water quality -- Sampling -- Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams

GSO ISO 5667-19:2015 水质采样 第19部分：海洋沉积物采样指南

This part of ISO 5667 provides guidance for the sampling of sediments in marine areas for analyses of their physical and chemical properties for monitoring purposes and environmental assessments. It encompasses: — sampling strategy; — sampling devices; — observations made and information obtained during sampling; — handling sediment samples; — packaging and storage of sediment samples. This part of ISO 5667 does not provide guidelines for data treatment and analysis which are available from other references (see the Bibliography). This part of ISO 5667 is not intended to give guidance for sampling of freshwater sediments.

Water quality -- Sampling -- Part 19: Guidance on sampling of marine sediments

GSO ISO 5667-9:2015 水质采样 第9部分：海水采样指南

This part of ISO 5667 provides guidance on the principles to be applied to the design of sampling programmes, sampling techniques and the handling and preservation of samples of sea water from tidal waters (for example, estuaries and tidal inlets, coastal regions and the open sea). It does not apply to the collection of samples for microbiological or biological examination. General guidance on sampling for microbiological purposes is given in ISO 8199. The main objectives of this part of ISO 5667 are specified in 1.1 to 1.4. 1.1 Quality characterization measurement Measurement of variations in spatial distribution and temporal trends in water quality to establish the effects of climate, biological activity, water movements and the influences of man, and also to assist in determining the magnitude and consequences of future changes. 1.2 Quality control measurement Measurement of water quality over a long period of time at one or more defined places to establish whether water quality, once characterized, remains suitable for defined uses such as bathing, protection of aquatic life, demineralization or cooling purposes, and to establish whether observed changes are unacceptable. 1.3 Measurements for specific reasons Assessment of the cause, magnitude and effect of significant variations in water quality and investigation of the sources and subsequent fate of pollutants discharged into marine waters. Identification of pollution, for example invertebrate, fish or bird mortality, or other conspicuous phenomena such as colour or turbidity development, or formation of floating layers of dirt or oil, which can be ascribed to discharges, spillages or even plankton blooms. However, it must be stressed that this objective is often very difficult to achieve. Mortalities may be caused by natural phenomena and cumulative pollutants may often remain largely unseen. 1.4 Examination of the effects of man-made structures Assessment of water quality variations caused by engineering developments such as barrages, jetties, bridges, breakwaters or ports, and resulting from the extensive use of marine waters for waste disposal.

Water quality -- Sampling -- Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters

ASTM D6000/D6000M-15e1 从地下水位置介绍水位信息的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers and summarizes methods for the presentation of water-level data from groundwater sites. 1.2 The study of the water table in aquifers helps in the interpretation of the amount of water available for withdrawal, aquifer tests, movement of water through the aquifers, and the effects of natural and human-induced forces on the aquifers. 1.3 A single water level measured at a groundwater site gives the height of water at one vertical position in a well or borehole at a finite instant in time. This is information that can be used for preliminary planning in the construction of a well or other facilities, such as disposal pits. Hydraulic head can also be measured within a short time from a series of points, depths, or elevation at a common (single) horizontal location, for example, a specially constructed multi-level test well, indicates whether the vertical hydraulic gradient may be upward or downward within or between the aquifer. NOTE 1—The phrases “short time period” and “finite instant in time” are used throughout this guide to describe the interval for measuring several project-related groundwater levels. Often the water levels of groundwater sites in an area of study do not change significantly in a short time, for example, a day or even a week. Unless continuous recorders are used to document water levels at every groundwater site of the project, the measurement at each site, for example, use of a steel tape, will be at a slightly different time (unless a large staff is available for a coordinated measurement). The judgment of what is a critical time period must be made by a project investigator who is familiar with the hydrology of the area. 1.4 Where hydraulic heads are measured in a short period of time, for example, a day, from each of several horizontal locations within a specified depth range, or hydrogeologic unit, or identified aquifer, a potentiometric surface can be drawn for that depth range, or unit, or aquifer. Water levels from different vertical sites at a single horizontal location may be averaged to a single value for the potentiometric surface when the vertical gradients are small compared to the horizontal gradients. The potentiometric surface assists in interpreting the gradient and horizontal direction of movement of water through the aquifer. Phenomena such as depressions or sinks caused by withdrawal of water from production areas and mounds caused by natural or artificial recharge are illustrated by these potentiometric maps. 1.5 Essentially all water levels, whether in confined or unconfined aquifers, fluctuate over time in response to naturaland human-induced forces. The fluctuation of the water table at a groundwater site is caused by several phenomena. An example is recharge to the aquifer from precipitation. Changes in barometric pressure cause the water table to fluctuate because of the variation of air pressure on the groundwater surface, open bore hole, or confining sediment. Withdrawal of water from or artificial recharge to the aquifer should cause the water table to fluctuate in response. Events such as rising or falling levels of surface water bodies (nearby streams and lakes), evapotranspiration induced by phreatophytic consumption, ocean tides, moon tides, earthquakes, and explosions cause fluctuation. Heavy physical objects that compress the surrounding sediments, for example, a passing train or car or even the sudden load effect of the starting of a nearby pump, can cause a fluctuation of the water table (1).2 1.6 This guide covers several techniques developed to assist in interpreting the water table within aquifers. Tables and graphs are included. 1.7 This guide includes methods to represent the water table at a single groundwater site for a finite or short period of time, a single site over an extended period, multiple sites for a finite or short period in time, and multiple sites over an extended period. 1.8 This guide does not include methods of calculating or estimating water levels by using mathematical models or determining the aquifer characteristics from data collected 1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations. Current edition approved April 15, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6000 – 96 (2008). DOI: 10.1520/D6000_D6000M-15E01. 2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1 during controlled aquifer tests. These methods are discussed in Guides D4043, D5447, and D5490, Test Methods D4044, D4050, D4104, D4105, D4106, D4630, D4631, D5269, D5270, D5472, and D5473. 1.9 Many of the diagrams illustrated in this guide include notations to help the reader in understanding how these diagrams were constructed. These notations would not be required on a diagram designed for inclusion in a project document. 1.10 This guide covers a series of options, but does not specify a course of action. It should not be used as the sole criterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieve professional judgment. 1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.12 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Presentation of Water-Level Information from Groundwater Sites

ASTM F1738-15 测定用于空中的溢油分散剂沉积的标准试验方法

3.1 The deposition of an aerially applied dispersant is defined as the amount of an aerially applied dispersant that contacts the surface; whereas, application dosage (frequently referred to as application rate) is the amount of material that is released per unit area by the delivery system. The units of deposition are litres per hectare or U.S. gallons per acre. The deposition may differ from the application dosage (volume of material per unit area) for many reasons, such as, the effects of wind on the spray and the evaporation of the dispersant after it has been released from the aircraft. 3.2 This test method describes the measurement of the ability of a spray system to deposit a dispersant on oil. It is not intended that this test method be used at the time of a spill. These techniques are intended to determine the equipment performance during the development of new systems and after the repair or significant modification of a system. 3.3 The data obtained from the use of this test method can be directly related to the deposition of dispersant on an oil slick, and thus can serve to determine both the dispersant deposition and the droplet size. 3.4 Surrogate deposition and droplet size data can be used as a technical basis for the optimization of dispersant application equipment and its use. 3.5 The choice of a dispersant surrogate may vary, typically water is chosen along with a marker dye. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the deposition of an aerially applied dispersant surrogate, typically dyed water, on the surface of the ground or water. The test method of obtaining these measurements is described, and the analysis of the results, in terms of dispersant use, is considered. There are a number of techniques that have been developed, and this test method outlines their application. These measurements can be used to confirm or verify the specifications of a given equipment set, its proper functioning, and use. 1.2 This test method is applicable to systems used with helicopters or airplanes. 1.3 This test method is one of four related to dispersant application systems. Guide F1413_F1413 covers design, Practice F1460/F1460M covers calibration, Test Method F1738 covers deposition, and Guide F1737/F1737M covers the use of the systems. Familiarity with all four standards is recommended. 1.4 There are some exposure and occupational health concerns regarding the methods described. These are not discussed in this test method since they are a function of dispersant formulation. Anyone undertaking such experiments should consult the occupational health experts of the dispersant manufacturer regarding the precautions to be used. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Deposition of Aerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants

ASTM D4044/D4044M-15 测量含水层液压性能用顶部瞬时变化 (导管法) 的标准试验方法 (现场实施规程)

5.1 This slug test field procedure is used in conjunction with a slug test analytical procedure, such as Test Method D4104 to provide quick and relatively inexpensive estimates of transmissivity. 5.2 The slug test provides an advantage over pumping tests in that it does not require the disposal of the large quantities of water that may be produced. This is of special importance when testing a potentially contaminated aquifer. However, slug tests reflect conditions near the well, therefore are influenced by near-well conditions, such as gravel pack, poor well development, and skin effects, as a result, slug test results should be viewed as semi-quantitative in comparison to pumping test results. 5.3 Slug tests may be made in aquifer materials of lower hydraulic conductivity than generally considered suitable for hydraulic testing with pumping tests. 5.4 The method of data analysis (analytical procedure) should be known prior to the field testing to ensure that all appropriate dimensions and measurements are properly recorded. Selection of the analytical procedure can be aided by using Guide D4043, Test Method D5785, Test Method D5881, and Test Method D5912. Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for performing an in situ instantaneous change in head (slug) test. 1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analytical procedure such as Test Method D4104 to data analysis and to determine aquifer properties. 1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.

Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers