13.060.50 (Examination of water for chemical subst 标准查询与下载

ASTM D3919-99 用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度测定法测量水中痕量元素的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice covers the general considerations for the quantitative determination of trace elements in water and waste water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Furnace atomizers are a most useful means of extending detection limits; however, the practice should only be used at concentration levels below the optimum range of direct flame aspiration atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Because of differences between various makes and models of satisfactory instruments, no detailed operating instructions can be provided for each instrument. Instead, the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of a particular instrument. 1.2 Wavelengths, estimated detection limits, and optimum concentration ranges are given in the individual methods. Ranges may be increased or decreased by varying the volume of sample injected or the instrumental settings or by the use of a secondary wavelength. Samples containing concentrations higher than those given in the optimum range may be diluted or analyzed by other techniques. 1.3 This technique is generally not applicable to brines and seawater. Special techniques such as separation of the trace elements from the salt, careful temperature control through ramping techniques, or matrix modification by the addition of NH 4 NO 3 may be useful for these samples. 1.4 The analyst is encouraged to consult the literature as provided by the instrument manufacturer as well as various trade journals and scientific publications. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Trace Elements in Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

ASTM D4190-99 用直流氩等离子体原子辐射分光光度技术测定水中元素的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved and total recoverable elements in water, which includes drinking water, lake water, river water, sea water, snow, and reagent water Type II by d-c argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. 1.2 The information on precision and bias may not apply to other waters. 1.3 Table A1.1 of Annex A1 as shown in the ranges given in Table 1 but is not limited to the elements or ranges listed. 1.4 This test method is not applicable to brines unless the sample matrix can be matched or the sample can be diluted by a factor of 200 up to 500 and still maintain the analyte concentration above the detection limit. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Elements in Water by Direct-Current Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

ASTM C1416-99 用X射线荧光法分析天然水和废水中铀的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method applies for the determination of trace uranium content in natural and waste water. It covers concentration of U between 0.05 mg/L and 2mg/L. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Uranium Analysis in Natural and Waste Water by X-Ray Fluorescence

ASTM D2036-98 水中氰化物的测试方法

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of cyanides in water. The following test methods are included: Sections Test Method A---Total Cyanides after Distillation 12 to 18 Test Method B---Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination2 by Difference 19 to 25 Test Method C---Weak Acid Dissociable Cyanides 26 to 32 Test Method D---Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination without Distil- lation (Short-Cut Method) 33 to 39 1.2 Cyanogen halides may be determined separately. Note 1-Cyanogen chloride is the most common of the cyanogen halide complexes as it is a reaction product and is usually present when chlorinating cyanide-containing industrial waste water. For the presence or absence of CNCl, the spot test method given in Annex A1 can be used. 1.3 These test methods do not distinguish between cyanide ions and metallocyanide compounds and complexes. Furthermore, they do not detect the cyanates. Note 2-The cyanate complexes are decomposed when the sample is acidified in the distillation procedure. 1.4 The cyanide in cyanocomplexes of gold, platinum, cobalt and some other transition metals is not completely recovered by these test methods. 1.5 Only a few organo-cyanide complexes are recovered, and those only to a minor extent. 1.6 Part or all of these test methods have been used successfully with reagent water and various waste waters. It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method for the water matrix being tested. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.> Specific hazard statements are given in Notes 3, 4, 5, and 6, 5.1, and Section 9.

Standard Test Methods for Cyanides in Water

ASTM D3859-98 水中硒含量的试验方法

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable selenium in most waters and wastewaters. Both test methods utilize atomic absorption procedures, as follows: Sections Test Method A---Gaseous Hydride AAS 2 7 to 15 Test Method B---Graphite Furnace AAS 16 to 24 Test Method A 1 to 20 [mu]g/L Test Method B 2 to 100 [mu]g/L 1.2 These test methods are applicable to both inorganic and organic forms of dissolved selenium. They are applicable also to particulate forms of the element, provided that they are solubilized in the appropriate acid digestion step. However, certain selenium-containing heavy metallic sediments may not undergo digestion. 1.3 These test methods are most applicable within the following ranges: These ranges may be extended (with a corresponding loss in precision) by decreasing the sample size or diluting the original sample, but concentrations much greater than the upper limits are more conveniently determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes 2 and 3.

Standard Test Methods for Selenium in Water

ASTM D2777-98 D-19水委员会应用方法的精确性及偏差的测定

1.1 This practice establishes uniform standards for expressing the precision and bias of applicable test methods for Committee D-19 on Water. 1.2 Except as specified in 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6, this practice requires that the task group proposing a new test method must carry out a collaborative study from which statements for precision (multiple laboratory operational and single-operator standard deviation estimates) and observed bias can be developed. This practice provides general guidance to task groups in planning and conducting such determinations of precision and bias. 1.3 Where, due to the nature of the test or instability of the sample, a full-scale collaborative test is not technically feasible, a statement of single-operator precision (Section 10) will meet the requirements of this practice. Whenever possible, this statement should be developed from data generated by multiple operators, each doing replicate analyses on independent samples which generally fall within specified concentration ranges. This practice is not applicable to methodology involving continuous sampling and measurement of specific constituents and properties. 1.4 Many of the test methods adopted prior to 1980 do not have adequate precision and bias statements, and there is insufficient information to satisfactorily improve the statements. These test methods are being used, and it is generally agreed that they should be continued as standards until 1985, while a proper collaborative study is conducted. In the interim, a warning must be placed in the scope and precision sections to alert the user that there has not been adequate collaborative testing to validate the test method. 1.5 Existing test methods that do have adequate precision and bias statements based on a minimum of three laboratories for a total of six operators do not require further collaborative testing, and such deficiencies must be listed in the precision and bias statements. 1.6 With the recommendation of the Results Advisor and the concurrence of the Technical Operations Section of the Executive Subcommittee, a statement giving a compelling reason why all or specific points of this practice cannot be fully complied with will meet both ASTM requirements (1) and the related requirements of this practice. 1.7 In principle, all test methods are covered by this practice. 1.8 In Section 11, this practice shows exemplary precision and bias statement formats for: ( ) test methods yielding a numerical measure, ( ) test methods yielding a nonnumerical report of success or failure based on criteria specified in the procedure, and ( ) test methods specifying that procedures in another ASTM method are to be used with only insignificant modifications.

Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Methods of Committee D-19 on Water

ASTM D6363-98(2013) 采用过氧化物酶荧光法测定大气水样中过氧化氢和结合有机过氧化物的标准试验方法

5.1 Hydrogen peroxide (formed photochemically in the atmosphere) is a primary oxidizer of dissolved sulfur dioxide in atmospheric water. Detection of H2O2 in atmospheric water is useful for inferring gas-phase H2O2 concentrations and for assessing the relative importance of various acidifying mechanisms under specific atmospheric conditions. 5.2 Hydroperoxides in samples to be analyzed are unstable in water and can decay rapidly due to bacterial action or chemical reaction with other constituents. The test method includes procedures for sample derivatization and methods for estimating and correcting for hydroperoxide decay. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydroperoxides, which include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and combined organic peroxides, in samples of atmospheric water by the method of horseradish peroxidase derivatization and fluorescence analysis of the derived dimer.2,3 1.2 The range of applicable hydrogen peroxide concentrations was determined to be 0.6 - 176.0 × 10−6 M from independent laboratory tests of the test method. 1.3 The primary use of the test method is for hydrogen peroxide, but it may also be used to quantitate organic hydroperoxides. Determinations of organic hydroperoxide concentration levels up to 30 × 10−6 M may be adequately obtained by calibration with hydrogen peroxide.2,3 While organic hydroperoxides have not been detected at significant concentration levels in rain or cloud water, their presence may be tested by operation of the test method with the addition of catalase for destruction of H2O23. 1.4 Because of the instability of hydroperoxides in atmospheric water samples, proper sample collection, at-collection derivatization, and stringent quality control are essential aspects of the analytical process. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Combined Organic Peroxides in Atmospheric Water Samples by Peroxidase Enzyme Fluorescence Method

ASTM D6363-98(2003)e1 通过过氧化物酶荧光法对大气水样品中过氧化氢和结合的有机过氧化物测定的标准试验方法

Hydrogen peroxide (formed photochemically in the atmosphere) is a primary oxidizer of dissolved sulfur dioxide in atmospheric water. Detection of H2O2 in atmospheric water is useful for inferring gas-phase H2O2 concentrations and for assessing the relative importance of various acidifying mechanisms under specific atmospheric conditions. Hydroperoxides in samples to be analyzed are unstable in water and can decay rapidly due to bacterial action or chemical reaction with other constituents. The test method includes procedures for sample derivatization and methods for estimating and correcting for hydroperoxide decay.1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydroperoxides, which include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and combined organic peroxides, in samples of atmospheric water by the method of horseradish peroxidase derivatization and fluorescence analysis of the derived dimer. 1.2 The range of applicable hydrogen peroxide concentrations was determined to be 0.6-176.0 x 10-6 M from independent laboratory tests of the test method. 1.3 The primary use of the test method is for hydrogen peroxide, but it may also be used to quantitate organic hydroperoxides. Determinations of organic hydroperoxide concentration levels up to 30 x 10-6 M may be adequately obtained by calibration with hydrogen peroxide. While organic hydroperoxides have not been detected at significant concentration levels in rain or cloud water, their presence may be tested by operation of the test method with the addition of catalase for destruction of H2O2. 1.4 Because of the instability fo hydroperoxides in atmospheric water samples, proper sample collection, at-collection derivatization, and stringent quality control are essential aspects of the analytical process. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Combined Organic Peroxides in Atmospheric Water Samples by Peroxidase Enzyme Fluorescence Method

ASTM D5463-98 水中无机成分测量用试验盒标准导则

1.1 This guide covers general considerations for the use of test kits for quantitative determination of analytes in water and wastewater. Test kits are available from various manufacturers for the determination of a wide variety of analytes in drinking water, surface or ground waters, domestic and industrial feedwaters and wastes, and water used in power generation and steam raising. See Table 1 for a listing of some of the types of kits that are available for various inorganic analytes in water. 1.2 Ranges, detection limits, sensitivity, accuracy, and susceptibility to interferences vary from kit to kit, depending on the methodology selected by the manufacturer. In some cases, kits are designed to replicate exactly an official test method of a standard-setting organization such as the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), American Public Health Association (APHA), ASTM, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). In other cases, minor modifications of official test methods are made for various reasons, such as to improve performance, operator convenience, or ease of use. Adjustments may be made to sample size, reagent volumes and concentrations, timing, and details of the analytical finish. In yet other cases, major changes may be made to the official test method, such as the omission of analytical steps, change of the analytical finish, omission of reagents, or substitution of one reagent for another. Reagents in test kits are often combined to obtain a fewer number and make the test easier to use. Additives may also be used to minimize interferences and to make the reagent more stable with time. A kit test method may be based on a completely different technology, not approved by any official or standard-setting organization. Combinations of test kits-multi-parameter test kits-may be packaged to satisfy the requirements of a particular application conveniently. The test kits in such combination products may be used to make dozens of determinations of several parameters. 1.3 Test kit reagent refills are commonly available from manufacturers. Refills permit cost savings through reuse of the major test kit components. 1.4 Because of the wide differences among kits and methodologies for different analytes, universal instructions cannot be provided. Instead, the user should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of a particular kit. 1.5 A test kit or kit component should not be used after the manufacturer's expiration date; it is the user's responsibility to determine that the performance is satisfactory. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 10.

Standard Guide for Use of Test Kits to Measure Inorganic Constituents in Water

ASTM D6238-98 水中总氧要求的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of total oxygen demand in the range from 100 to 100 000 mg/L, in water and wastewater including brackish waters and brines (see 6.5). Larger concentrations, or samples with high suspended solids, or both, may be determined by suitable dilution of the sample. 1.1.1 Since the analysis is based on the change in oxygen reading of the carrier gas compared to that when a sample is introduced (see 4.1), the measurement range is a function of the amount of oxygen in the carrier gas. The higher the desired concentration range, the more oxygen required in the carrier gas. Under recommended conditions, the carrier gas concentration should be between two to four times the maximum desired oxygen demand. 1.1.2 The lower measurement range is limited by the stability of the baseline oxygen detector output. This signal is a function of the permeation system temperature, carrier gas flow rate, oxygen detector temperature, and reference sensor voltage. Combined, these variables limit the minimum recommended range to 2 to 100 mg/L. 1.1.3 The upper measurement range is limited by the maximum oxygen concentration in the carrier gas (100%). With the recommended conditions of carrier gas concentration being two to four times the maximum oxygen demand, this limits the maximum possible oxygen demand to between 250 000 to 500 000 mg/L. However, as a practical application to water analysis, this test method will consider a maximum range of 100 000 mg/L. 1.2 This test method is applicable to all oxygen-demanding substances under the conditions of the test contained in the sample that can be injected into the reaction zone. The injector opening limits the maximum size of particles that can be injected. If oxygen-demanding substances that are water-insoluble liquids or solids are present, a preliminary treatment may be desired. These pretreatment methods are described in Annex A2. 1.3 This test method is particularly useful for measuring oxygen demand in certain industrial effluents and process streams. Its application for monitoring secondary sewage effluents is not established. Its use for the monitoring of natural waters is greatly limited by the interferences defined in Section 6. 1.4 In addition to laboratory analysis, this test method is applicable to on-stream monitoring. Sample conditioning techniques for solids pretreatment applications are noted in Annex A2. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Total Oxygen Demand in Water

ASTM D6238-98(2003) 水中总氧要求的标准试验方法

The measurement of oxygen demand parameters is critical to the control of process wastewaters. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyzers have long time cycles and in the case of COD analyzers use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Total oxygen demand analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis. TOD can be correlated to both COD and BOD, providing effective on-line control. TOD offers several features which make it a more attractive measurement than carbon monitoring using Total Carbon (TC) or Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzers. TOD is unaffected by the presence of inorganic carbon. TOD analysis will also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen. For example, the oxygen demand of ammonia, sulfite and sulfides will be reflected in the TOD measurement. Also, since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption, TOD reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound (that is, urea and formic acid have the same number of carbon atoms, yet urea has five times the oxygen demand of formic acid).1.1 This test method covers the determination of total oxygen demand in the range from 100 to 100 000 mg/L, in water and wastewater including brackish waters and brines (see 6.5). Larger concentrations, or samples with high suspended solids, or both, may be determined by suitable dilution of the sample. 1.1.1 Since the analysis is based on the change in oxygen reading of the carrier gas compared to that when a sample is introduced (see 4.1), the measurement range is a function of the amount of oxygen in the carrier gas. The higher the desired concentration range, the more oxygen required in the carrier gas. Under recommended conditions, the carrier gas concentration should be between two to four times the maximum desired oxygen demand. 1.1.2 The lower measurement range is limited by the stability of the baseline oxygen detector output. This signal is a function of the permeation system temperature, carrier gas flow rate, oxygen detector temperature, and reference sensor voltage. Combined, these variables limit the minimum recommended range to 2 to 100 mg/L. 1.1.3 The upper measurement range is limited by the maximum oxygen concentration in the carrier gas (100%). With the recommended conditions of carrier gas concentration being two to four times the maximum oxygen demand, this limits the maximum possible oxygen demand to between 250 000 to 500 000 mg/L. However, as a practical application to water analysis, this test method will consider a maximum range of 100 000 mg/L. 1.2 This test method is applicable to all oxygen-demanding substances under the conditions of the test contained in the sample that can be injected into the reaction zone. The injector opening limits the maximum size of particles that can be injected. If oxygen-demanding substances that are water-insoluble liquids or solids are present, a preliminary treatment may be desired. These pretreatment methods are described in Annex A2. 1.3 This test method is particularly useful for measuring oxygen demand in certain industrial effluents and process streams. Its application for monitoring secondary sewage effluents is not established. Its use for the monitoring of natural waters is greatly limited by the interferences defined in Section 6. 1.4 In addition to laboratory analysis, this test method is applicable to on-stream monitoring. Sample conditioning techniques for solids pretreatment applications are noted in Annex A2. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability ......

Standard Test Method for Total Oxygen Demand in Water

ASTM D4107-98(2002)e1 饮用水中氚含量的试验方法

This test method was developed for measuring tritium in water to determine if the concentration exceeds the regulatory statutes of drinking water. This test method also is applicable for the determination of tritium concentration in water as required by technical specifications governing the operations of nuclear power facilities. With suitable counting technique, sample size, and counting time a detection limit of less than 37 Bq/L (1000 pCi/L) is attainable by liquid scintillation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of tritium in drinking water (as T2O or HTO) by liquid scintillation counting of the tritium beta particle activity.1.2 This test method is used successfully with drinking water. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.3 The tritium concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available liquid scintillation instruments, range from less than 0.037 Bq/mL (1 pCi/mL) to 555 Bq/mL (15 000 pCi/mL) for a 10-mL sample aliquot. Higher tritium concentrations can be measured by diluting or using smaller sample aliquots, or both.1.4 The maximum contaminant level for tritium in drinking water as given by the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR) is 0.740 Bq/mL (20 pCi/mL). The NIPDWR lists a required detection limit for tritium in drinking water of 0.037 Bq/mL (1 pCi/mL), meaning that drinking water supplies, where required, should be monitored for tritium at a sensitivity of 0.037 Bq/mL (1 pCi/mL). In , Eqn. 1 is given for determining the necessary counting time to meet the required sensitivity for drinking water monitoring.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Tritium in Drinking Water

ASTM D4129-98 用高温氧化法及库仑检测法对水中总碳量和有机碳含量的试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of total and organic carbon in water and waste water, including brackish waters and brines in the range from 2 to 20 000 mg/L. This test method has the advantages of a wide range of concentration which may be determined without sample dilution and the provision for boat or capillary introduction of samples containing sediments and particulate matter where syringe injection is inappropriate. 1.2 This procedure is applicable only to that carbonaceous matter in the sample that can be introduced into the reaction zone. When syringe injection is used to introduce samples into the combustion zone, the syringe needle opening size limits the maximum size of particles that can be present in samples. Sludge and sediment samples must be homogenized prior to sampling with a micropipetor or other appropriate sampler and ladle introduction into the combustion zone is required. 1.3 The precision and bias information reported in this test method was obtained in collaborative testing that included waters of the following types: distilled, deionized, potable, natural, brine, municipal and industrial waste, and water derived from oil shale retorting. Since the precision and bias information reported may not apply to waters of all matrices, it is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method on samples of other matrices. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 9.1 and 10.2.1.

Standard Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Water by High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric Detection

ASTM D6363-98(2009)e1 用过氧化物酶荧光法测定大气水样中过氧化氢和合成有机过氧化物的标准试验方法

Hydrogen peroxide (formed photochemically in the atmosphere) is a primary oxidizer of dissolved sulfur dioxide in atmospheric water. Detection of H2O2 in atmospheric water is useful for inferring gas-phase H2O2 concentrations and for assessing the relative importance of various acidifying mechanisms under specific atmospheric conditions. Hydroperoxides in samples to be analyzed are unstable in water and can decay rapidly due to bacterial action or chemical reaction with other constituents. The test method includes procedures for sample derivatization and methods for estimating and correcting for hydroperoxide decay.1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydroperoxides, which include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and combined organic peroxides, in samples of atmospheric water by the method of horseradish peroxidase derivatization and fluorescence analysis of the derived dimer. , 1.2 The range of applicable hydrogen peroxide concentrations was determined to be 0.6 - 176.0 × 10−6 M from independent laboratory tests of the test method. 1.3 The primary use of the test method is for hydrogen peroxide, but it may also be used to quantitate organic hydroperoxides. Determinations of organic hydroperoxide concentration levels up to 30 × 10−6 M may be adequately obtained by calibration with hydrogen peroxide. , While organic hydroperoxides have not been detected at significant concentration levels in rain or cloud water, their presence may be tested by operation of the test method with the addition of catalase for destruction of H2O2 . 1.4 Because of the instability of hydroperoxides in atmospheric water samples, proper sample collection, at-collection derivatization, and stringent quality control are essential aspects of the analytical process. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Combined Organic Peroxides in Atmospheric Water Samples by Peroxidase Enzyme Fluorescence Method

ASTM D6363-98 通过过氧化物酶荧光法对大气水样品中过氧化氢和结合的有机过氧化物测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydroperoxides, which include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and combined organic peroxides, in samples of atmospheric water by the method of horseradish peroxidase derivatization and fluorescence analysis of the derived dimer. 1.2 The range of applicable hydrogen peroxide concentrations was determined to be 0.6-176.0 x 10-6 M from independent laboratory tests of the test method. 1.3 The primary use of the test method is for hydrogen peroxide, but it may also be used to quantitate organic hydroperoxides. Determinations of organic hydroperoxide concentration levels up to 30 x 10-6 M may be adequately obtained by calibration with hydrogen peroxide. While organic hydroperoxides have not been detected at significant concentration levels in rain or cloud water, their presence may be tested by operation of the test method with the addition of catalase for destruction of H2O2. 1.4 Because of the instability fo hydroperoxides in atmospheric water samples, proper sample collection, at-collection derivatization, and stringent quality control are essential aspects of the analytical process. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Combined Organic Peroxides in Atmospheric Water Samples by Peroxidase Enzyme Fluorescence Method

ASTM D1426-98 水中氨态氮的测试方法

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of ammonia nitrogen, exclusive of organic nitrogen, in water. Two test methods are included as follows: Section Test Method A-Direct Nesslerization 7 to 15 Test Method B-Selective Ion Electrode 16 to 24 1.2 Test Method A is used for the routine determination of ammonia in steam condensates and demineralizer effluents. 1.3 Test Method B is applicable to the determination of ammonia nitrogen in the range from 0.5 to 1000 mg NH - N/L directly in reagent and effluent waters. Higher concentrations can be determined following dilution. The reported lower range is based on multiple-operator precision. Lower limits have been obtained by two of the twelve laboratories participating in the round robin. 1.4 Both test methods A and B are applicable to surface and industrial waters and wastewaters following distillation. The test method for distillation given in Appendix X1 has been used in the past to meet requirements for predistillation of samples being analyzed for ammonia. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 The Distillation Method now appears as Appendix X1 and is provided as nonmandatory information only. The Automated Colorimetric Phenate Method has been discontinued; refer to Appendix X2 for historical information.

Standard Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water

ASTM D6238-98(2011) 水中总需氧量的标准试验方法

The measurement of oxygen demand parameters is critical to the control of process wastewaters. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyzers have long time cycles and in the case of COD analyzers use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Total oxygen demand analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis. TOD can be correlated to both COD and BOD, providing effective on-line control. TOD offers several features which make it a more attractive measurement than carbon monitoring using Total Carbon (TC) or Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzers. TOD is unaffected by the presence of inorganic carbon. TOD analysis will also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen. For example, the oxygen demand of ammonia, sulfite and sulfides will be reflected in the TOD measurement. Also, since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption, TOD reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound (that is, urea and formic acid have the same number of carbon atoms, yet urea has five times the oxygen demand of formic acid).1.1 This test method covers the determination of total oxygen demand in the range from 100 to 100 000 mg/L, in water and wastewater including brackish waters and brines (see 6.5). Larger concentrations, or samples with high suspended solids, or both, may be determined by suitable dilution of the sample. 1.1.1 Since the analysis is based on the change in oxygen reading of the carrier gas compared to that when a sample is introduced (see 4.1), the measurement range is a function of the amount of oxygen in the carrier gas. The higher the desired concentration range, the more oxygen required in the carrier gas. Under recommended conditions, the carrier gas concentration should be between two to four times the maximum desired oxygen demand. 1.1.2 The lower measurement range is limited by the stability of the baseline oxygen detector output. This signal is a function of the permeation system temperature, carrier gas flow rate, oxygen detector temperature, and reference sensor voltage. Combined, these variables limit the minimum recommended range to 2 to 100 mg/L. 1.1.3 The upper measurement range is limited by the maximum oxygen concentration in the carrier gas (100 %). With the recommended conditions of carrier gas concentration being two to four times the maximum oxygen demand, this limits the maximum possible oxygen demand to between 250 000 to 500 000 mg/L. However, as a practical application to water analysis, this test method will consider a maximum range of 100 000 mg/L. 1.2 This test method is applicable to all oxygen-demanding substances under the conditions of the test contained in the sample that can be injected into the reaction zone. The injector opening limits the maximum size of particles that can be injected. If oxygen-demanding substances that are water-insoluble liquids or solids are present, a preliminary treatment may be desired. These pretreatment methods are described in Annex A2. 1.3 This test method is particularly useful for measuring oxygen demand in certain industrial effluents and process streams. Its application for monitoring secondary sewage effluents is not established. Its use for the monitoring of natural waters is greatly limited by the interferences defined in Section 6. 1.4 In addition to laboratory analysis, this test method is applicable to on-stream monitoring. Sample conditioning techniques for solids pretreatment applications are noted in Annex A2. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with......

Standard Test Method for Total Oxygen Demand in Water

ASTM D6317-98(2004) 通过紫外线,过硫酸盐氧化,和膜导检测对水中总碳,有机碳,无机碳低水平测定的标准试验方法

This test method is used for determination of the carbon content of water from a variety of natural, domestic, and industrial sources. In its most common form, this test method is used to measure organic carbon as a means of monitoring organic impurities in high purity process water used in industries such as nuclear power, pharmaceutical, and electronics. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), and total organic carbon (TOC) in water in the range from 10 to 1000 g/L of carbon. This method is for laboratory or grab sample applications and has been subjected to an interlaboratory study under the guidelines of D 2777. Test Method D 5997 can be used for on-line determinations. The test method utilizes persulfate or ultraviolet oxidation of organic carbon, or both coupled with a CO2 selective membrane to recover the CO2 into deionized water. The change in conductivity of the deionized water is measured and related to carbon concentration in the oxidized sample. Inorganic carbon is determined in a similar manner without the oxidation step. In both cases, the sample is acidified to facilitate CO2 recovery through the membrane. The relationship between the conductivity measurement and carbon concentration is described by a set of chemometric equations for the chemical equilibrium of CO2, HCO3 -, and H+, and the relationship between the ionic concentrations and the conductivity. The chemometric model includes the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants and the specific conductances resulting in linear response of the method over the stated range of TOC. See Test Method D 4519 for a discussion of the measurement of CO2 by conductivity.1.2 This test method has the advantage of a very high sensitivity detector that allows very low detection levels on relatively small volumes of sample. Also, use of two measurement channels allows determination of CO2 in the sample independently of organic carbon. Isolation of the conductivity detector from the sample by the CO2 selective membrane results in a very stable calibration, with minimal interferences.1.3 This test method was used successfully with reagent water spiked with various organic materials. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.4 In addition to laboratory analyses, this test method may be adapted to on line monitoring. See Test Method D 5997.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Low Level Determination of Total Carbon, Inorganic Carbon and Organic Carbon in Water by Ultraviolet, Persulfate Oxidation, and Membrane Conductivity Detection

ASTM D6317-98 通过紫外线,过硫酸盐氧化,和膜导检测对水中总碳,有机碳,无机碳低水平测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), and total organic carbon (TOC) in water in the range from 10 to 1000 ug/L of carbon. This method is for laboratory or grab sample applications and has been subjected to an interlaboratory study under the guidelines of D2777. Test Method D5997 can be used for on-line determinations. The test method utilizes persulfate or ultraviolet oxidation of organic carbon, or both coupled with a CO2 selective membrane to recover the CO2 into deionized water. The change in conductivity of the deionized water is measured and related to carbon concentration in the oxidized sample. Inorganic carbon is determined in a similar manner without the oxidation step. In both cases, the sample is acidified to facilitate CO2 recovery through the membrane. The relationship between the conductivity measurement and the carbon concentration is described by a set of chemometric equations for the chemical equilibrium of CO2, HCO3-, and H, and the relationship between the ionic concentrations and the conductances resulting in linear response of the method over the stated range of TOC. See Test Method D4519 for a discussion of the measurement of CO2 by conductivity. 1.2 This test method has the advantage of a very high sensitivity detector that allows very low detection levels on relatively small volumes of sample. Also, use of two measurement channels allows determination of CO2 in the sample independently of organic carbon. Isolation of the conductivity detector from the sample by the CO2 selective membrane results in a very stable calibration, with minimal interferences. 1.3 This test method was used successfully with reagent water spiked with various organic materials. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices. 1.4 In addition to laboratory analyses, this test method may be adapted to on line monitoring. See Test Method D5997. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Low Level Determination of Total Carbon, Inorganic Carbon and Organic Carbon in Water by Ultraviolet, Persulfate Oxidation, and Membrane Conductivity Detection

ASTM D6146-97(2007) 检测分水界水溶氮的标准指南

The user of this guide is not assumed to be a trained technical practitioner in the water quality field. The guide is an assembly of the components common to all aspect of watershed nutrient monitoring and fulfills a need in the development of a common framework for a better coordinated and a more unified approach to nutrient monitoring in watersheds. Limitations8212;This guide does not establish a standard procedure to follow in all situations and it does not cover the detail necessary to meet all of the needs of a particular monitoring objective. Other standards and guides included in the references describe the detail of the procedures.1.1 Purpose8212;This guide is intended to provide general guidance on a watershed monitoring program directed toward the plant nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. The guide offers a series of general steps without setting forth a specific course of action. It gives assistance for developing a monitoring program but not a program for implementing measures to improve water quality.1.2 This guide applies to waters found in streams and rivers; lakes, ponds, and reservoirs; estuaries; wetlands; the atmosphere; and the vadose and subsurface saturated zones (including aquifers). This guide does not apply to nutrients found in soils, plants, or animals.1.3 Nutrients as used in this guide are intended to include nitrogen and phosphorus in dissolved, gaseous, and particulate forms. Specific species of nitrogen include: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, organic, total Kjeldahl, and nitrous oxide. The species of phosphorus include total, total dissolved, organic, acid-hydrolyzable, and reactive phosphorus as described in ()1.4 Safety8212;Health and safety practices developed for a project may need to consider the following:1.4.1 During the construction of sampling stations:1.4.1.1Drilling practices during monitoring well installations,1.4.1.2 Overhead and underground utilities during monitoring well drilling,1.4.1.3 Traffic patterns/concerns during sampling station installation,1.4.1.4 Traffic patterns/concerns during surveying sampling station locations and elevations,1.4.1.5 Drilling through materials highly contaminated with fertilizers, and1.4.1.6 Installing monitoring equipment below the soil surface.1.4.2 During the collection of water samples:1.4.2.1 Using acids for sample preservation,1.4.2.2 Sampling during flooding events and ice conditions,1.4.2.3 Traffic on bridges,1.4.2.4 Condition of sampling stations following flood events,1.4.2.5 Sampling of water or soils, or both, highly contaminated with fertilizers,1.4.2.6 Conditions of sampling stations resulting from vandalism,1.4.2.7 Adverse weather conditions, and1.4.2.8 Transporting liquid samples.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Monitoring Aqueous Nutrients in Watersheds