13.060.50 (Examination of water for chemical subst 标准查询与下载

ASTM F1779-08 报告目观测水中油含量的标准实施规程

This practice can be used by surveillance and tracking staff to report visual observations. The data produced from such observations will provide the basis for preparing maps of the oil-slick location. This practice provides a procedure for reporting the visual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner and in a common format. This practice deals with the possibility that materials other than oil might be confused with oil when using visual observation methods.1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recording visual observations of oil on water and related response activities. 1.2 This practice applies only to visual observations of oil on water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set of codes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subject is not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use of remote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed in a separate standard. This does not include observations of dispersed oil. 1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under a variety of environmental and geographical situations. 1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involve a number of safety issues associated with the operation of airplanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealt with in this practice, but the observer should be aware of the hazards of such operations. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Reporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water

ASTM D1886-08 水中镍含量的标准试验方法

Elemental constituents in potable water, receiving water, and wastewater need to be identified for support of effective pollution control programs. Test Methods A, B, and C provide the techniques necessary to make such measurements. Nickel is considered to be relatively nontoxic to man and a limit for nickel is not included in the EPA National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. The toxicity of nickel to aquatic life indicates tolerances that vary widely and that are influenced by species, pH, synergistic effects, and other factors. Nickel is a silver-white metallic element seldom occur-ring in nature in the elemental form. Nickel salts are soluble and can occur as a leachate from nickel-bearing ores. Nickel salts are used in metal-plating and may be discharged to surface or ground waters.1.1 These test methods , , cover the atomic absorption determination of nickel in water and wastewaters. Three test methods are given as follows: Concentration Range Sections Test Method A—Atomic Absorption, Direct 0.1 to 10 mg/L 7-16 Test Method B—Atomic Absorption, Chelation-Extraction 10 to 1000 μg/L 17-26 Test Method C—Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace 5 to 100 μg/L 27-36 1.2 Test Methods A, B, and C have been used successfully with reagent grade water and natural waters. Evaluation of Test Method C was also made in condensate from a medium Btu coal gasification process. It is the user''s responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for other matrices. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Note 4, 11.7.1, 21.9, 23.7, and 23.10. 1.5 Two former colorimetric test methods were discontinued. Refer to Appendix X1 for historical information. 7.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved and total recoverable nickel and has been used successfully with reagent water, tap water, river water, lake water, ground water, a refinery effluent, and a wastewater. 7.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 0.1 to 10 mg/L of nickel. The range may be extended upward by dilution of the sample. 17.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved and total recoverable nickel and has been used successfully with reagent water, tap water, river water, artificial seawater and a synthetic (NaCl) brine. 17.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 10 to 1000μ g/L of nickel. The range may be exten......

Standard Test Methods for Nickel in Water

ASTM D1426-08 水中氨态氮的标准试验方法

Nitrogen is a nutrient in the environment and is necessary to sustain growth of most organisms. It exists in several forms such as nitrate, nitrite, organic nitrogen such as proteins or amino acids, and ammonia. Ammonia is a colorless, gaseous compound with a sharp distinctive odor. It is highly soluble in water where it exists in a molecular form associated with water and in an ionized form as NH4+. The extent of association or ionization is dependent on the temperature and pH. It may also be toxic to aquatic life. The extent of toxicity is dependent upon species and extent of dissociation. Ammonia may occur in water as a product of anaerobic decomposition of nitrogen containing compounds or from waste streams containing ammonia.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of ammonia nitrogen, exclusive of organic nitrogen, in water. Two test methods are included as follows: Sections Test Method A—Direct Nesslerization 7 to 15 Test Method B—Ion Selective Electrode16 to 24 1.2 Test Method A is used for the routine determination of ammonia in steam condensates and demineralizer effluents. 1.3 Test Method B is applicable to the determination of ammonia nitrogen in the range from 0.5 to 1000 mg NH3N/L directly in reagent and effluent waters. Higher concentrations can be determined following dilution. The reported lower range is based on multiple-operator precision. Lower limits have been obtained by two of the twelve laboratories participating in the round robin. 1.4 Both test methods A and B are applicable to surface and industrial waters and wastewaters following distillation. The test method for distillation given in Appendix X1 has been used in the past to meet requirements for predistillation of samples being analyzed for ammonia. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 The distillation method now appears as Appendix X1 and is provided as nonmandatory information only. The automated colorimetric phenate method has been discontinued. 7.1 This test method is suitable for the rapid routine determination of ammonia nitrogen in steam condensates and demineralized water. See Appendix X1 for the distillation test method. 16.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of ammonia in reagent and effluent water.

Standard Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water

ASTM D4107-08 饮用水中氚含量的试验方法

This test method was developed for measuring tritium in water to determine if the concentration exceeds the regulatory statutes of drinking water. This test method also is applicable for the determination of tritium concentration in water as required by technical specifications governing the operations of nuclear power facilities. With suitable counting technique, sample size, and counting time a detection limit of less than 37 Bq/L (1000 pCi/L) is attainable by liquid scintillation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of tritium in drinking water by liquid scintillation counting of the tritium beta particle activity.1.2 This test method is used successfully with drinking water. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for untested water matrices.1.3 The tritium concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available liquid scintillation instruments, range from less than 0.037 Bq/mL (1 pCi/mL) to 555 Bq/mL (15 000 pCi/mL) for a 10-mL sample aliquot. Higher tritium concentrations can be measured by diluting or using smaller sample aliquots, or both.1.4 The maximum contaminant level for tritium in drinking water as given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR) is 0.740 Bq/mL (20 pCi/mL). The NIPDWR lists a required detection limit for tritium in drinking water of 0.037 Bq/mL (1 pCi/mL), meaning that drinking water supplies, where required, should be monitored for tritium at a sensitivity of 0.037 Bq/mL (1 pCi/mL). In Appendix X1, Eq X1.3 is given for determining the necessary counting time to meet the required sensitivity for drinking water monitoring.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Tritium in Drinking Water

ASTM D4191-08 原子吸收分光光度法对水中钠含量的标准试验方法

Sodium salts are very soluble, and sodium leached from soil and rocks tends to remain in solution. Water with a high ratio of sodium to calcium is deleterious to soil structure. Sodium is not particularly significant in potable water except for those persons having an abnormal sodium metabolism, but water supplies in some areas contain sufficient sodium to be a factor in the planning of sodium-free diets. The use of sodium salts is common in industry; therefore, many industrial wastewaters contain significant quantities of sodium. For high-pressure boiler feed-water even trace amounts of sodium are of concern.1.1 This test method covers the determination of low amounts of sodium in waters having low solids content. The applicable range of this test method is from 0.20 to 3.0 mg/L when using the 589.6-nm resonance line. This range may be extended upward by dilution of an appropriate aliquot of sample or by use of the less-sensitive 330.2-nm resonance line (see Test Method D 3561). Many workers have found that this test method is reliable for sodium levels to 0.005 mg/L, but use of this test method at this low level is dependent on the configuration of the aspirator and nebulizer system available in the atomic absorption spectrophotometer as well as the experience and skill of the analyst. The precision and bias data presented are insufficient to justify use of this test method in the 0.005 to 0.20-mg/L range. 1.2 This test method has been used successfully with spiked reagent water. It is the analyst's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method to other low dissolved solids matrices. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sodium in Water by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

ASTM D6581-08 悬浮离子色谱法测定饮用水中溴酸盐、亚溴酸盐、氯酸盐和亚氯酸盐的标准试验方法

The oxyhalides chlorite, chlorate, and bromate are inorganic disinfection by-products (DBPs) of considerable health risk concern worldwide. The occurrence of chlorite and chlorate is associated with the use of chlorine dioxide, as well as hypochlorite solutions used for drinking water disinfection. The occurrence of bromate is associated with the use of ozone for disinfection, wherein naturally occurring bromide is oxidized to bromate. Bromide is a naturally occurring precursor to the formation of bromate.1.1 This multi-test method covers the determination of the oxyhalides—chlorite, bromate, and chlorate, and bromide, in raw water, finished drinking water and bottled (non-carbonated) water by chemically and electrolytically suppressed ion chromatography. The ranges tested using this method for each analyte were as follows: RangeSections Test Method A: Chemically Suppressed Ion Chromatography8 to 18 Chlorite20 to 500 µg/L Bromate5 to 30 µg/L Bromide20 to 200 µg/L Chlorate20 to 500 µg/L Test Method B: Electrolytically Suppressed Ion Chromatography19 to 29 Chlorite20 to 1000 µg/L Bromate1 to 30 µg/L Bromide20 to 200 µg/L Chlorate20 to 1000 µg/L 1.1.1 The upper limits may be extended by appropriate sample dilution or by the use of a smaller injection volume. Other ions of interest, such as fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate may also be determined using this method. However, analysis of these ions is not the object of this test method. 1.2 It is the user''s responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices. 1.3 This test method is technically equivalent with Part B of U.S. EPA Method 300.1 , titled “The Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography”. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior t......

Standard Test Methods for Bromate, Bromide, Chlorate, and Chlorite in Drinking Water by Suppressed Ion Chromatography

ASTM D4025-08a(2013) 报告地下喷射的水中沉积物的检验和分析结果的标准操作规程

5.1 This practice sets down the manner in which data obtained from other test methods should be reported. This is done in an effort to standardize the report form used. 1.1 This practice covers the manner in which the various results of examination and analysis to determine the composition of deposits formed from water for subsurface injection are to be reported. 1.2 All analyses shall be made in accordance with the test methods of ASTM, unless otherwise specified. Note 1—While reporting of inorganic constituents in water-formed deposits as specified in Test Methods D4412 is sufficient for certain industries, this practice provides for the reporting of organic and biological materials as well as inorganic constituents.Note 2—Consistent with practices in industries where subsurface injection of water is practiced, reporting includes specifying of inorganic constituents as probable molecular combinations of the species for which analyses are performed. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and Analysis of Deposits Formed from Water for Subsurface Injection

ASTM D3651-07 微咸水、海水和盐水中钡含量的标准试验方法

Since water containing acid-soluble barium compounds is known to be toxic, this test method serves the useful purpose of determining the barium in brackish water, seawater, and brines.1.1 This test method covers the determination of soluble barium ion in brackish water, sea-water, and brines by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.1.2 The actual working range of this test method is 1 to 5 mg/L barium.1.3 This test method was used successfully on artificial brine samples. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Barium in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines

ASTM D857-07 水中铝含量的标准试验方法

Although there is little information available concerning the toxicological significance of aluminum in man, the American Water Works Association has established a water quality guideline or goal of a maximum of 0.05 mg/L. Under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), some permits may set aluminum discharge limits. Some evidence does exist to indicate that low levels (5 mg/L) will interfere with activated sludge processes. For the above reasons monitoring of aluminum may be desirable. Aluminum is monitored in boiler make-up water, where alum has been used, to determine whether aluminum is present after pretreatment. Residual aluminum may consume ion exchange capacity or consume boiler water treatment chemicals added to stoichiometrically chelate hardness ions (that is, calcium and magnesium) in boiler feed water. Aluminum is monitored in cooling water make-up, since its presence may result in deactivation of anionic substances in scale or corrosion inhibitor treatment chemicals, or both. Deactivation may result in decreased performance of inhibitors.1.1 This test method covers the direct flame atomic absorption determination of aluminum in the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame.1.2 This test method is applicable to waters containing dissolved and total recoverable aluminum in the range from 0.5 to 5.0 mg/L. Aluminum concentrations as high as approximately 50 mg/L can be determined using this test method without dilution. However, no precision and bias data are available for concentrations greater than 5.0 mg/L.1.3 This test method was tested on reagent, natural, and potable waters. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.4 The same digestion procedure may be used to determine total recoverable nickel (Test Methods D 1886), chromium (Test Methods D 1687), cobalt (Test Methods D 3558), copper (Test Methods D 1688), iron (Test Methods D 1068), lead (Test Method D 3559), manganese (Test Method D 858), and zinc (Test Methods D 1691).1.5 Precision and bias data have been obtained on reagent, natural, and potable waters. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure the validity of this test method on untested matrices.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Note 1, Note 2, and Note 3. 1.6 Former Test Methods A (Fluorometric) and B and C (Spectrophotometric) were discontinued. Refer to Appendix X1 for historical information.

Standard Test Method for Aluminum in Water

ASTM D3866-07 水中银含量的标准测试方法

The principal adverse effect of silver in the body is cosmetic. It causes argyria, a permanent, blue-gray discoloration of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Relatively small quantities of silver are bactericidal or bacteriostatic and find limited use in both disinfection of swimming pool waters and point-of-use water filters.1.1 These test methods cover the atomic absorption determination of silver in water. Three test methods are given as follows:ConcentrationRange SectionsTest Method A-Atomic Absorp-tion-Chelation-Extraction 1 to 10 g/L7 to 15Test Method B-Atomic Absorp-tion-Direct0.1 to 10 mg/L16 to 24Test Method C-Atomic Absorp-tion-Graphite Furnace 1 to 25 g/L25 to 33 Similar to that in Brown, E., Skougstad, M. W., and Fishman, M. J., "Methods for Collection and Analysis of Water Samples for Dissolved Minerals and Gases," Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter A1, 1970, p. 46.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 3, Note 5, Note 9, and Note 13.

Standard Test Methods for Silver in Water

ASTM D1688-07 水中铜的标准试验方法

Copper is found in naturally occurring minerals principally as a sulfide, oxide, or carbonate. It makes up approximately 0.01 % of the earthrsquo;crust and is obtained commercially from such ores as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Copper is also found in biological complexes such as hemocyanin. Copper enters water supplies through the natural process of dissolution of minerals, through industrial effluents, through its use, as copper sulfate, to control biological growth in some reservoirs and distribution systems, and through corrosion of copper alloy water pipes. Industries whose wastewaters may contain significant concentrations of copper include mining, ammunition production, and most metal plating and finishing operations. It may occur in simple ionic form or in one of many complexes with such groups as cyanide, chloride, ammonia, or organic ligands. Although its salts, particularly copper sulfate, inhibit biological growth such as some algae and bacteria, copper is considered essential to human nutrition and is not considered a toxic chemical at concentrations normally found in water supplies.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of copper in water by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Three test methods are included as follows:Test MethodConcentration Range Sections A-Atomic Absorption, Direct0.05 to 5 mg/LB-Atomic Absorption, Chelation-Extraction50 to 500 g/LC-Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace5 to 100 g/L1.2 Either dissolved or total recoverable copper may be determined. Determination of dissolved copper requires filtration through a 0.45-m (No. 325) membrane filter at the time of collection. In-line membrane filtration is preferable.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Note 3, Note 5, Note 8, and Note 13.1.4 Three former photometric test methods were discontinued. Refer to Appendix X1 for historical information.

Standard Test Methods for Copper in Water

ASTM D3986-07 用直流氩等离子体原子辐射分光光度法测定盐水、海水和微咸水中钡的标准试验方法

All waters containing acid soluble barium compounds are known to be toxic. This test method is useful for the determination of barium in brines, seawater, and brackish waters. Consumption, inhalation, or absorption of 500 to 600 mg of barium is considered fatal to human beings. Lower levels may result in disorders of the heart, blood vessels, and nerves. The drinking water standards set the maximum contaminant level for barium as 2 mg/L barium.1.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved and total recoverable barium in brines, seawater, and brackish waters by direct-current argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (DCP-AES).1.2 This test method has been tested in the range from 10 mg/L to 20 mg/L. Samples shall be diluted to contain concentrations within the calibration range (see 11.1 and 12.5). Higher concentrations can also be determined by changing to a less sensitive emission line.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Barium in Brines, Seawater, and Brackish Water by Direct-Current Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

ASTM D7365-07 氰化物分析用水样的取样、保存与降低干扰的标准实施规程

Cyanide is routinely analyzed in water samples, often to demonstrate regulatory compliance; however, improper sample collection or pretreatment can result in significant positive or negative bias potentially resulting in unnecessary permit violations or undetected cyanide releases into the environment.1.1 This practice is applicable for the collection and preservation of water samples for the analysis of cyanide. This practice also addresses the mitigation of known interferences prior to the analysis of cyanide.1.2 The sampling, preservation and mitigation of interference procedures described in this practice are recommended for the analysis of total cyanide, available cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide, and free cyanide by Test Methods D 2036, D 4282, D 4374, D 6888, D 6994, and D 7237. This practice can also be applied to other cyanide methods, for example, US EPA Method 335.4 and Standard Methods 4500-CN- C.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling, Preservation and Mitigating Interferences in Water Samples for Analysis of Cyanide

ASTM D1385-07 水中联氨的标准试验方法

Hydrazine is a man-made chemical and is not found in natural waters. The determination of hydrazine is usually made on boiler feedwaters, process waters, and other waters that have been treated with hydrazine (N2H4) for the purpose of maintaining residuals to prevent corrosion by dissolved oxygen. This reducing chemical reacts with dissolved oxygen to form nitrogen and water. However, under certain conditions it can also decompose to form ammonia and nitrogen. Hydrazine is used extensively as a preboiler treatment chemical for high-pressure boilers to scavenge small amounts of dissolved oxygen that are not removed by mechanical aeration. It has the advantage over sulfite treatment in that it does not produce any dissolved solids in the boiler water. Hydrazine is often determined in concentrations below 0.1 mg/L. However, in layup solutions for the protection of idle boilers, hydrazine may be present in concentrations as high as 200 mg/L. Additionally, hydrazine provides protection where reducing conditions are required, particularly in mixed metallurgy systems for the protection of the copper alloys. Hydrazine is a suspected carcinogen and a threshold limit value in the atmosphere of 1.0 mg/L has been set by OSHA. When in an aqueous solution, hydrazine will oxidize to nitrogen and water in the presence of air over a relatively short period of time.1.1 This test method covers the colorimetric determination of hydrazine in boiler feed waters, condensates, natural, and well waters that have been treated with hydrazine (N2H 4). This test method is usable in the range from 5.0 to 200 g/L (ppb) hydrazine. The range is for photometric measurements made at 458 nm in 50 mm cell. Higher concentrations of hydrazine can also be determined by taking a more diluted sample.1.2 It is the users' responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for untested types of waters.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 5.3, Note 1, and Footnote 8.

Standard Test Method for Hydrazine in Water

ASTM D5615-07 家用反渗透装置工作特征的标准试验方法

Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used to remove salts and other impurities from drinking water at the point of use. They are usually operated at tap water line pressure, with water containing up to several hundred milligrams per litre of total dissolved solids. This test method permits measurement of the performance of home reverse osmosis devices using a standard set of conditions and is intended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This test method can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used for system design. This test method does not necessarily determine the devicersquo;performance when solutes other than sodium chloride are present. Use Practice D 4516 and Test Methods D 4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set of conditions. This test method is applicable for spiral-wound devices.1.1 This test method covers determination of the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions. It does not necessarily determine the characteristics of the devices operating on natural waters.1.2 This test method is applicable for spiral-wound devices.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Operating Characteristics of Home Reverse Osmosis Devices

ASTM D2791-07 水中钠含量的在线测定用标准试验方法

Sodium is a pervasive contaminant and it is the first cation to break through deionization equipment. This test method allows measurement of micrograms per litre (parts per billion) concentrations of sodium in water to monitor low-sodium water sources for indications of contamination or proper operation. Applications include monitoring makeup systems, condensers, condensate polishers, feedwater, boilerwater, and steam. This test method is more sensitive and selective than conductivity measurements on high purity samples.1.1 This test method covers the on-line determination of trace amounts of sodium in water using an ion-selective electrode.1.2 This test method is based on on-line application of the sodium ion electrode as reported in the technical literature (). It is generally applicable over the range of 0.01 to 10 000 g/L.1.3 The analyst should be aware that adequate collaborative data for precision and bias statements as required by Practice D 2777 are not provided. See Section for details.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 6.

Standard Test Method for On-line Determination of Sodium in Water

ASTM D2460-07(2013) 水中镭的α粒子放射性同位素标准试验方法

5.1 Radium is one of the most radiotoxic elements. Its isotope of mass 226 is the most hazardous because of its long half-life. The isotopes 223 and 224, although not as hazardous, are of some concern in appraising the quality of water. 5.2 The alpha-particle-emitting isotopes of radium other than that of mass 226 may be determined by difference if radium-226 is measured separately, such as by Test Method D3454. Note that one finds 226Ra and 223Ra together in variable proportions (5, 6), but 224Ra does not normally occur with them. Thus, 223Ra often may be determined by simply subtracting the 226Ra content from the total: and if 226Ra and8201;223Ra are low, 224Ra may be determined directly. The determination of a single isotope in a mixture is less precise than if it occurred alone. 1.1 This test method covers the separation of dissolved radium from water for the purpose of measuring its radioactivity. Although all radium isotopes are separated, the test method is limited to alpha-particle-emitting isotopes by choice of radiation detector. The most important of these radioisotopes are 223Ra, 224Ra, and 226Ra. The lower limit of concentration to which this test method is applicable is 3.7 × 10-2 Bq/L (18201;pCi/L). 1.2 This test method may be used for absolute measurements by calibrating with a suitable alpha-emitting radioisotope such as 226 Ra, or for relative methods by comparing measurements with each other. Mixtures of radium isotopes may be reported as equivalent 226Ra. Information is also provided from which the relative contributions of radium isotopes may be calculated. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Alpha-Particle-Emitting Isotopes of Radium in Water

ASTM D3697-07 水中锑含量的标准试验方法

Because of the association with lead and arsenic in industry, it is often difficult to assess the toxicity of antimony and its compounds. In humans, complaints referable to the nervous system have been reported. In assessing human cases, however, the possibility of lead or arsenic poisoning must always be borne in mind. Locally, antimony compounds are irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved and total recoverable antimony in water by atomic absorption spectroscopy.1.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 1 to 15 g/L of antimony. The range may be extended by less scale expansion or by dilution of the sample.1.3 The precision and bias data were obtained on reagent water, tap water, salt water, and two untreated wastewaters. The information on precision and bias may not apply to other waters.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Antimony in Water

ASTM D516-07 水中硫酸盐离子的标准试验方法

The determination of sulfate is important because it has been reported that when this ion is present in excess of about 250 mg/L in drinking water, it causes a cathartic action (especially in children) in the presence of sodium and magnesium, and gives a bad taste to the water.1.1 This turbidimetric test method covers the determination of sulfate in water in the range from 5 to 40 mg/L of sulfate ion (SO 4).1.2 This test method was used successfully with drinking, ground, and surface waters. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.3 Former gravimetric and volumetric test methods have been discontinued. Refer to Appendix X1 for historical information.This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water

ASTM D5464-07 低传导率水pH值测量的标准试验方法

pH measurement of low conductivity water is frequently applied to power plant water and condensed steam samples for corrosion and scale prevention. It is sometimes used in pure water treatment systems between multiple pass membranes to optimize performance. High purity water is highly unbuffered and small amounts of contamination can change the pH significantly. Specifically, high purity water rapidly absorbs CO2 gas from the atmosphere, which lowers the pH of the sample. The sample container and accompanying pH measurement technique minimize exposure of the high purity water sample to the atmosphere. The high purity water sample may contain volatile trace components that will dissipate from the sample if exposed to the atmosphere. The sample container used in this test method will prevent these losses. High purity water has a significant solution temperature coefficient. For greatest accuracy the sample to be measured should be close to the temperature of the sample stream and appropriate compensation should be applied. When the preferred Test Method D 5128, which requires a real-time, flowing sample, cannot be utilized for practical reasons such as physical plant layout, unacceptable loss of water, location of on-line equipment sample points, or availability of dedicated test equipment, this method offers a viable alternative. The most significant difference between the two test methods is that Test Method D 5128 obtains a real-time pH measurement from a flowing sample and this method obtains a time delayed pH measurement from a static grab sample. pH measurements of low conductivity water are always subject to interferences (7.1-7.5) and Test Method D 5128 is more effective in eliminating these interferences especially with regard to contamination. This static grab sample method is more prone to contamination and temperature-induced errors because of the time lag between the sampling in the plant and sample pH reading which is taken in the laboratory.1.1 This test method is applicable to determine the pH of water samples with a conductivity of 2 to 100 181 S/cm over the pH range of 3 to 11. pH measurements of water of low conductivity are problematic. Specifically, this test method avoids contamination of the sample with atmospheric gases and prevents volatile components of the sample from escaping. This test method provides for pH electrodes and apparatus that address additional considerations discussed in . This test method also minimizes problems associated with the sample''s pH temperature coefficient when the operator uses this test method to calibrate an on-line pH monitor or controller (see Appendix X1).1.2 This test method covers the measurement of pH in water of low conductivity with a lower limit of 2.0 181S/cm, utilizing a static grab-sample procedure where it is not practicable to take a real-time flowing sample.Note 1Test Method D 5128 for on-line measurement is preferred over this method whenever possible. Test Method D 5128 is not subject to the limited conductivity range, temperature interferences, potential KCl contamination, and time limitations found with this method.1.3 For on-line measurements in water with conductivity of 100 181S/cm and higher, see Test Method D 6569.1.4 For laboratory measurements in water with conductivity of 100 181S/cm and higher, see Test Method D 1193.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for pH Measurement of Water of Low Conductivity