13.220.40 (Ignitability and burning behaviour of m 标准查询与下载

ASTM E2632/E2632M-13e1 评估甲板材料在甲板消防条件下试验响应的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method addresses the suitability of deck materials by assessing their response to fire hazards associated with sources of flame located beneath the deck material. 1.1 This standard prescribes a method to assess the fire-test response characteristics of deck materials when used as the walking surface of a deck. The prescribed fire exposure is intended, under test conditions, to determine the heat release rate and the thermal decomposition modes of decking materials when exposed to a burner flame simulating combustibles burning beneath a deck.2 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of deck materials to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the deck materials under actual fire conditions. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Under-Deck Fire Test Response of Deck Materials

ASTM D6413/D6413M-13 织物火焰抗性的标准试验方法 (垂直试验)

5.1 This test method determines the response of textiles to a standard ignition source, deriving measurement values for afterflame time, afterglow time, and char length. 5.2 The vertical flame resistance, as determined by this test method, only relates to a specified flame exposure and application time. 5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, draft-free, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure. 5.4 Test Method D6413 has been adopted from Federal Test Standard No. 191A method 5903.1, which has been used for many years in acceptance testing. The between-laboratory precision of this test method has not been established. Refer to Section 14 for single-laboratory precision. 5.4.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and that are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration on the known bias. 1.1 This test method is used to measure the vertical flame resistance of textiles. 1.1.1 As a part of the measure of flame resistance, afterflame and afterglow characteristics are evaluated. 1.2 This standard shall be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test)

ASTM D6890-13b 采用等容室燃烧法测定柴油燃料油的点火延迟和导出十六烷值(DCN)的标准试验方法

5.1 The ID and DCN values determined by this test method can provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines. 5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specification aid to relate or match fuels and engines. 5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinations to the performance of full-scale, variable-speed, variable-load diesel engines is not completely understood. 5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It is recognized that the performance of non-conventional fuels in full-scale engines is not completely understood. The user is therefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ignition characteristic measurements for predicting performance in full-scale engines for these types of fuels. 5.5 This test determines ignition characteristics and requires a sample of approximately 100 mL and a test time of approximately 20 min on a fit-for-use instrument. 1.1 This automated laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oil, oil-sands based fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives, and is applicable to products typical of ASTM Specification D975 grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standard EN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517 and 3.6-2000. The test method may also be applied to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel blending components. 1.2 This test method measures the ignition delay and utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection into heated, compressed air. An equation correlates an ignition delay determination to cetane number by Test Method D613, resulting in a derived cetane number (DCN). 1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from 3.1 to 6.5 ms (64 to 33 DCN). The combustion analyzer can measure shorter and longer ignition delays, but precision may be affected. For these shorter or longer ignition delays the correlation equation for DCN is given in Appendix X2. There is no information about how DCNs outside the 33 to 64 range compare to Test Method D613 cetane numbers. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number lpar;DCNrpar; of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber

ASTM E2058-13a 使用火焰传播仪器 (FPA) 测量材料可燃性的标准试验方法

5.1 These test methods are an integral part of existing test standards for cable fire propagation and clean room material flammability, as well as, in an approval standard for conveyor belting (1-3) .3 Refs (1-3) use these test methods because fire-test-response results obtained from the test methods correlate with fire behavior during real-scale fire propagation tests, as discussed in X1.4 5.2 The Ignition, Combustion, or Fire Propagation test method, or a combination thereof, have been performed with materials and products containing a wide range of polymer compositions and structures, as described in X1.7. 5.3 The Fire Propagation test method is different from the test methods in the ASTM standards listed in 2.1 by virtue of producing laboratory measurements of the chemical heat release rate during upward fire propagation and burning on a vertical test specimen in normal air, oxygen-enriched air, or in oxygen-vitiated air. Test methods from other standards, for example, Test Method E1321, which yields measurements during lateral/horizontal or downward flame spread on materials and Test Methods E906, E1354, and E1623, which yield measurements of the rate of heat release from materials fully involved in flaming combustion, generally use an external radiant flux, rather than the flames from the burning material itself, to characterize fire behavior. 5.4 These test methods are not intended to be routine quality control tests. They are intended for evaluation of specific flammability characteristics of materials. Materials to be analyzed consist of specimens from an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product. Results from the laboratory procedures provide input to fire propagation and fire growth models, risk analysis studies, building and product designs, and materials research and development. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard determines and quantifies material flammability characteristics, related to the propensity of materials to support fire propagation, by means of a fire propagation apparatus (FPA). Material flammability characteristics that are quantified include time to ignition (tign), chemical ( Q˙chem), and convective ( Q˙c) heat release rates, mass loss rate ( m˙) and effective heat of combustion (EHC). 1.2 The following test methods, capable of being performed separately and independently, are included herein: 1.2.1 Ignition Test, to determine tign for a horizontal specimen; 1.2.2 ......

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)

ASTM E2579-13 表面燃烧特性评估用木材制品的样品制备和安装的标准实施规程

5.1 Solid board, lumber and timber products (including solid boards, lumber, timber, fingerjoined lumber, glulam, laminate wood, laminated veneer lumber and parallel strand lumber products); panel products (including fibreboard, hardboard, oriented strandboard, waferboard and plywood panel products); decorative wood products and shingles and shakes used as interior wall and ceiling finish are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with code requirements. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and systems. 5.2 If it can be demonstrated that none of the methods described in this practice are applicable to a particular product, other mounting methods shall be permitted to be used. This information shall be included in the report. 5.3 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84. 1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing wood products to assess flames spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84. 1.2 This practice applies also to laminated products factory-produced with a wood substrate (see 8.6). This practice does not apply to wood veneers or facings intended to be applied on site over a wood substrate, which are covered by Practice E2404. 1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84. 1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool. 1.5 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM8201;SI-10 for further details. 1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures. 1.7 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials and equipment. This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 10. 1.8 The text of this standard references note......

Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Wood Products to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

ASTM E1537-13 软垫家具着火试验的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated. 5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2. 5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety. 5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement. 5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels. 5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five crumpled sheets of newspaper located on the seating cushion. 5.7 This test method specifies both a particular flow rate of propane gas and a period of gas flow. If the ignition conditions are changed, the results would then deviate from the model selected for this test. 5.8 This test method is not applicable to ignition of upholstered furniture by cigarettes. 5.9 One of the following three test configurations is to be used in this test method: 5.9.1 A—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m high. 5.9.2 B—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.44 m high. 5.9.3 C—An open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter). 5......

Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture

ASTM E662-13d 由固体材料产生的烟雾特定光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E2102-13 使用锥形辐射加热器测量筛查用质量损失和可燃性的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for screening materials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitability they exhibit under specified heat flux exposure conditions. As an option, the test method is also suitable for screening for the heat released, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2). 5.1.1 Terminology E176, on fire standards, states that fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and mass loss (both measured in this test method), as well as flame spread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency of smoke. 5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associated with slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is not always a result of combustion, and that this method does not assess release of smoke or combustion products. 5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level and subsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface. Thus, a longer time to ignition is an indication of a lower propensity for the material, product, or assembly to become involved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however this method does not assess the smoke or combustion products released. 5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable to assess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials, products, or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability at various heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance). 5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly tested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from this test method when tests are conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, while introducing variations in properties such as specimen thickness or density. 5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method. The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging up to 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of the application of the material, product, or assembly to be tested, and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, the method is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10 kW/m38201;(see 5.7.3). 5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release, a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygen consumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354, in its applications standards, such as Test Method

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

ASTM E662-13b 固体材料产生的烟雾比光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM D93-13 用潘斯基-马丁斯仪闭杯试验器测定闪点的标准试验方法

5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material. 5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. One should consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications. Note 3—The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)4 and U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash point under 37.8°C (100°F) (see Note 1) are flammable, as determined by these test methods, for those liquids which have a kinematic viscosity of 5.8 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 37.8°C or 9.5 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 25°C (77°F), or that contain suspended solids, or have a tendency to form a surface film while under test. Other classification flash points have been established by these departments for liquids using these test methods. 5.3 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of these test methods may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. 5.4 These test methods provide the only closed cup flash point test procedures for temperatures up to 370°C (698°F). 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to 370°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature range of 60 to 190°C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed cup apparatus.Note 1—Flash point determinations above 250°C can be performed, however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature. For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points above 100°C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below 40°C, however, the precision has not been determined below this temperature. 1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure C. 1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fue......

Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

ASTM F1959/F1959M-13 测定服装材料电弧额定值的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the arc rating of a material, or a combination of materials. 5.1.1 Because of the variability of the arc exposure, different heat transmission values may be observed at individual sensors. Evaluate the results of each sensor in accordance with Section 12. 5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure. 5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of exposure conditions. Different exposure conditions may produce different results. In addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, other conditions representative of the expected hazard may be used and shall be documented in the reporting of the testing results. 1.1 This test method is used to measure the arc rating of materials intended for use as flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to electric arcs that would generate heat flux rates from 84 to 25 120 kW/m28201;[2 to 600 cal/cm2s]. 1.2 This test method will measure the arc rating of materials which meet the following requirements: less than 150 mm [6 in.] char length and less than 2 s afterflame when tested in accordance with Test Method D6413. 1.2.1 It is not the intent of this test method to evaluate non flame-resistant materials except where used as under layers in multiple-layer specimens. 1.3 The materials used in this test method are in the form of flat specimens. 1.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions. 1.5 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard except as noted. Within the text, alternate units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents therefore alternate systems must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the systems described in the text may result in nonconformance with the method. 1.6 This test method does not apply to electrical contact or electrical shock hazards. 1.7 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Arc Rating of Materials for Clothing

ASTM E662-13a 固体材料产生的烟雾比光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E1822-13 折叠椅着火试验的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a stack of five stacking chairs. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated. 5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. Annex A3 discusses the assumptions and limitations. 5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rate of smoke release, total smoke released or optical density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustion gases), and mass loss, that are important to making decisions on fire safety. 5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat-release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of the toxicity of the atmospheres, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement. 5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to stacked chairs in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-care facilities, old-age convalescent and board and care homes, college dormitories and residence halls, and hotels and motels. 5.6 One of the following three configurations is to be used in this test method: 5.6.1 Test Configuration A—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m high (12 by 8 by 8 ft). 5.6.2 Test Configuration B—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.44 m high (12 by 10 by 8 ft). 5.6.3 Test Configuration C—An open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter). 5.7 Rooms of other dimensions are acceptable where it has been shown that equivalent test results are obtained. 5.8 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in 5.6 have been shown to give similar results for heat release in the duct and mass loss up to a rate of heat release of 600 kW (1).8

Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs

ASTM E662-13c 由固体材料产生的烟雾特定光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E662-13 固体材料产生的烟雾比光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E1590-13 床垫着火试验的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a test specimen, mattress or mattress with foundation. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated. 5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. Annex A3 discusses the assumptions and limitations. 5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rate of smoke release, total smoke released, or optical density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustion gases), and mass loss, which are important to making decisions on fire safety. 5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: (1) as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and (2) to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however, fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement. 5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. The test method is thus applicable to mattresses in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-care facilities, old age convalescent and board and care homes, and college dormitories and residence halls. 5.6 One of the following three configurations is to be used in this test method: 5.6.1 Test Configuration A—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m (12 by 8 by 8 ft) high. 5.6.2 Test Configuration B—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.44 m (12 by 10 by 8 ft) high. 5.6.3 Test Configuration C—An open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter). 5.7 Rooms of other dimensions are acceptable where it has been shown that equivalent test results are obtained. 5.8 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in 5.6 have been shown to give similar results for heat release in the duct, and mass loss, up to a rate of heat release of 600 kW (

Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses

ASTM D6413/D6413M-13a 织物火焰抗性的标准试验方法 (垂直试验)

5.1 This test method determines the response of textiles to a standard ignition source, deriving measurement values for afterflame time, afterglow time, and char length. 5.2 The vertical flame resistance, as determined by this test method, only relates to a specified flame exposure and application time. 5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, draft-free, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure. 5.4 Test Method D6413 has been adopted from Federal Test Standard No. 191A method 5903.1, which has been used for many years in acceptance testing. The between-laboratory precision of this test method has not been established. Refer to Section 14 for single-laboratory precision. 5.4.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and that are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration on the known bias. 1.1 This test method is used to measure the vertical flame resistance of textiles. 1.1.1 As a part of the measure of flame resistance, afterflame and afterglow characteristics are evaluated. 1.2 This standard shall be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test)

ASTM G74-13 采用气态流体冲击的非金属材料和部件着火敏感度的标准试验方法

4.1 This test standard describes how to evaluate the relative sensitivity of materials and components to dynamic pressure impacts by various gaseous fluid media (can include gas mixtures). 4.2 Changes or variations in test specimen configurations, thickness, preparation, and cleanliness can cause a significant change in their impact ignition sensitivity/reaction. For material tests, the test specimen configuration shall be specified on the test report. 4.3 Changes or variation in the test system configuration from that specified herein may cause a significant change in the severity produced by a dynamic pressure surge of the gaseous media. 4.4 A reaction is indicated by an abrupt increase in test specimen temperature, by obvious changes in odor, color, or material appearance, or a combination thereof, as observed during post-test examinations. Odor alone is not considered positive evidence that a reaction has occurred. When an increase in test specimen temperature is observed, a test specimen reaction must be confirmed by visual inspection. To aid with visual inspection, magnification less than 10× can be used. 4.5 When testing components, the test article must be disassembled and the nonmetallic materials examined for evidence of ignition after completion of the specified pressure surge cycles. 4.6 Ignition or precursors to ignition for any test sample shall be considered a failure and are indicated by burning, material loss, scorching, or melting of a test material detected through direct visual means. Ignition is often indicated by consumption of the non-metallic material under test, whether as an individual material or within a component. Partial ignition can also occur, as shown in Fig. 3a, b, and c, and shall also be considered an ignition (failure) for the purpose of this test standard. FIG. 3 a Untested PCTFE (10X Magnification) (Polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Sample. FIG. 3 b Untested Nylon (PA, polyamide) Valve Seat (10X magnification) (continued) Note 1—For the purpose of this standard, test samples that visually appear in these conditions, or similar, are considered to be representative of ignition.FIG. 3 c Untested Pin-Index Sealing Washer (10X magnification) (continued) FIG. 3 Photographs Representing Partial Reactions Including Scorching, Discoloration, Melting and Material Loss or Material Consumption. For the purpose of this standard, test samples that visually appear in these conditions, or similar, are considered to be representative of ignition.

Standard Test Method for Ignition Sensitivity of Nonmetallic Materials and Components by Gaseous Fluid Impact

ASTM D6413/D6413M-13b 织物火焰抗性的标准试验方法 (垂直试验)

5.1 This test method determines the response of textiles to a standard ignition source, deriving measurement values for afterflame time, afterglow time, and char length. 5.2 The vertical flame resistance, as determined by this test method, only relates to a specified flame exposure and application time. 5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, draft-free, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure. 5.4 Test Method D6413 has been adopted from Federal Test Standard No. 191A method 5903.1, which has been used for many years in acceptance testing. The between-laboratory precision of this test method has not been established. Refer to Section 14 for single-laboratory precision. 5.4.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and that are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration on the known bias. 1.1 This test method is used to measure the vertical flame resistance of textiles. 1.1.1 As a part of the measure of flame resistance, afterflame and afterglow characteristics are evaluated. 1.2 This standard shall be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test)

ASTM D93-12 用彭斯基-马顿(Pensky-Martens)密闭杯试验器测定闪点的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to 360??C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature range of 60 to 190??C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed cup apparatus.Note 1???Flash point determination as above 250??C can be performed, however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature. For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points above 100??C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below 40??C, however, the precision has not been determined below this temperature. 1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, a......

Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester