17.040.20 (Properties of surfaces) 标准查询与下载

ASTM B244-09(2014) 涡流仪器测量铝阳极镀层及其它非磁性基底金属绝缘镀层的厚度标准试验方法

5.1 The thickness of a coating is often critical to its performance. This eddy-current method is nondestructive and is suitable for measuring the thickness of anodic coatings on aluminum, as well as the thickness of most nonconductive coatings on nonmagnetic basis metals. 5.2 This test method requires that the conductivity of the substrate be the same in the reference standard used for calibration adjustment and in the coated article to be measured. 1.1 This test method covers the use of eddy-current instruments for the nondestructive measurement of the thickness of a nonconductive coating on a nonmagnetic basis metal. It is intended to supplement manufacturers’ instructions for the operation of the instruments and is not intended to replace them. 1.2 This test method is particularly useful for measuring the thickness of an anodic coating on aluminum alloys. Chemical conversion coatings are too thin to be measured by this test method. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Anodic Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Nonconductive Coatings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current Instruments

ASTM E284-09a 外观的标准术语

This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged. In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (5–7)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially. A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised. Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard. In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various sorts of angles. This terminology standard adopts the following usage of certain word endings. The ending “ion” denotes a process, as in reflection; “ance” denotes a property of a specimen, as in reflectance; and “ity” denotes a property of the kind of material of which the specimen is composed, as in reflectivity. Exceptions exist, as in the common use of illumination and radiation to refer to quantities as well as processes.1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units). 1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used i......

Standard Terminology of Appearance

ASTM A754/A754M-08 X射线荧光涂层厚度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for determining the coating weight (mass) of metallic coatings on steel sheet. The test method is intended to be used for “on-line” measurements of coating on continuous production lines. 1.2 This test method is applicable to the coatings covered by the following ASTM specifications: A 599/A 599M, A 623, A 623M, A 653/A 653M, A 792/A 792M, A 875/A 875M, A 879/A 879M, A 918, and A 924/A 924M. It may be applicable to other coatings, providing that the elemental nature of the coating and substrate are compatible with the technical aspects of XRF such as the absorption coefficient of the system, primary radiation, fluorescent radiation, type of detection. 1.3 This test method includes the procedure for developing a single standard determination of coating weight (mass). 1.4 This test method includes procedures for both X-ray tube and isotope coating weight (mass) measuring instruments. 1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coating Weight (Mass) of Metallic Coatings on Steel by X-Ray Fluorescence

ASTM G194-08(2013) 在平坦水平面上测量球形滚动摩擦特性的标准试验方法

5.1 Rolling friction like sliding friction depends upon many factors. It is a system effect that involves the nature of the rolling surface and the counterface. The sliding friction force (F) is usually considered to be the sum of forces arising from deformations of surface features (Fs), from attractive forces (atomic, molecular, etc.) at contact points (Fa) and force from interaction of films and particulates on the rubbing surfaces (Ff): The rolling friction force includes these force contributions plus effects from the relative stiffness of the contacting surfaces, the diameter (curvature) of the spherical shape (ball, orange, etc.) and other factors. Because there are so many factors involved in a rolling tribosystem, rolling resistance can best be quantified by an actual test of the sphere of interest on the intended counterface, as in this test method. 5.2 There are countless applications where it is important to quantify the rolling characteristics of a particular spherical shape on a particular surface. The interlaboratory tests conducted for this test method were performed on hardened steel balls like those used in ball bearings. This test method could be used to assess the effect of different counterface surfaces on the rolling characteristics of balls for ball bearings. Conversely, it could be used as a quality control test on balls. Surface imperfections/defects/films, etc. on the balls can affect how they roll: the distance traveled on a common counterface. 5.3 Industrial applications of this test method can include assessing conveying surfaces for spherical or nearly special parts: check valve balls, cabinet knobs, Christmas ornaments, toilet floats, etc. Many medical devices use special shapes where rolling characteristics are a consideration. Similarly, many pharmaceutical products (pills) are spherical or nearly spherical in shape, and this test method can be used to assess rolling characteristics for conveying or other reasons such as size (mass) check. 5.4 Rolling friction of spherical shapes can be a consideration in countless sports (soccer, golf, lacrosse, etc.) and game applications (billiards, bocce, toys, etc.). This test method can be used to rank the rolling resistance of different ball compositions, masses, shapes, surface textures, design, stiffness, etc. Similarly, the test method can be used to assess the ease of rolling of balls on different playing or game surfaces. 5.5 This test method is very applicable to spherical or mostly spherical food products. For example, it is common to use rolling distance of apples, citrus, nuts, etc. to classify them by size for marketing. They are rolled down an angled surface and the rolling distance becomes a function of size (mass/diameter). This test method can be used to assess the suitability of various rolling surfaces (carpet, metal, wood, etc.) for suitability in classification equipment. It could also be used for food conveyance on spherical-shaped processed foods (gumballs, hard candy, meatballs, etc.) 5.6 Finally, this test method can be a valuable teaching tool for physics and tribology students. The equipment is simple, low cost and student proof. It can be used to demonstrate the ............

Standard Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Characteristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane

ASTM E284-08 专业认证性能测试的标准实践

This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged. In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (5–7)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially. A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised. Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard. In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various sorts of angles. This terminology standard adopts the following usage of certain word endings. The ending “ion” denotes a process, as in reflection; “ance” denotes a property of a specimen, as in reflectance; and “ity” denotes a property of the kind of material of which the specimen is composed, as in reflectivity. Exceptions exist, as in the common use of illumination and radiation to refer to quantities as well as processes. 1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units). 1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use......

Standard Terminology of Appearance

ASTM G75-07 材料泥浆磨蚀性(磨碎值)和泥浆磨蚀特性曲线(SAR值)测定的标准试验方法

The Miller Number5 is an index of the relative abrasivity of slurries. Its primary purpose is to rank the abrasivity of slurries in terms of the wear of a standard reference material. The wear damage on the standard wear block is worse as the Miller Number gets higher. The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher. Experience has shown that slurries with a Miller Number or a SAR Number of approximately 50 or lower can be pumped with minor abrasive damage to the system. Above a number of 50, precautions must be observed and greater damage from abrasion is to be expected. Accordingly, the Miller Number and the SAR Number provide information about the slurry or the material that may be useful in the selection of pumps and other equipment and to predict the life expectancy of liquid-end parts of the pumps involved. The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems.1.1 This test method covers a single laboratory procedure that can be used to develop data from which either the relative abrasivity of any slurry (Miller Number) or the response of different materials to the abrasivity of different slurries (SAR Number), can be determined.1.2 The test data obtained by this procedure is used to calculate either a number related to the rate of mass loss of duplicate standard-shaped 27 % chromium iron wear blocks when run for a period of time in the slurry of interest (Miller Number), or to calculate a number related to the rate of mass loss (converted to volume loss) of duplicate standard-shaped wear specimens of any material of interest when run for a period of time in any slurry of interest (SAR Number).1.3 The requirement for a finished flat wearing surface on the test specimen for a SAR Number test may preclude application of the procedure where thin (0.051 to 0.127-mm), hard, wear-resistant coatings will not allow for surface finishing. The 6 hours total duration of the SAR Number Test may not allow establishment of a consistent rate-of-mass-loss of the unfinished surface.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)

ASTM E284-07 外观的标准术语

1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs 1(4-)) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.

Standard Terminology of Appearance

ASTM G75-07(2013) 测定材料泥浆研磨性(Miller数量)和泥浆研磨响应(SAR数量)的标准试验方法

5.1 The Miller Number5 is an index of the relative abrasivity of slurries. Its primary purpose is to rank the abrasivity of slurries in terms of the wear of a standard reference material. The wear damage on the standard wear block is worse as the Miller Number gets higher. 5.2 The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher. 5.3 Experience has shown that slurries with a Miller Number or a SAR Number of approximately 50 or lower can be pumped with minor abrasive damage to the system. Above a number of 50, precautions must be observed and greater damage from abrasion is to be expected. Accordingly, the Miller Number and the SAR Number provide information about the slurry or the material that may be useful in the selection of pumps and other equipment and to predict the life expectancy of liquid-end parts of the pumps involved. 5.4 The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems. 1.1 This test method covers a single laboratory procedure that can be used to develop data from which either the relative abrasivity of any slurry (Miller Number) or the response of different materials to the abrasivity of different slurries (SAR Number), can be determined. 1.2 The test data obtained by this procedure is used to calculate either a number related to the rate of mass loss of duplicate standard-shaped 278201;% chromium iron wear blocks when run for a period of time in the slurry of interest (Miller Number), or to calculate a number related to the rate of mass loss (converted to volume loss) of duplicate standard-shaped wear specimens of any material of interest when run for a period of time in any slurry of interest (SAR Number). 1.3 The requirement for a finished flat wearing surface on the test specimen for a SAR Number test may preclude application of the procedure where thin (0.051 to 0.127-mm), hard, wear-resistant coatings will not allow for surface finishing. The 6 hours total duration of the SAR Number Test may not allow establishment of a consistent rate-of-mass-loss of the unfinished surface. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)

ASTM D7378-07 测量实用涂层粉末预固化厚度的标准实施规程

Many physical and appearance properties of the finished coating are affected by the film thickness. Film thickness can affect the color, gloss, surface profile, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance and hardness of the coating. The fit of pieces assembled after coating can be affected when film thickness is not within tolerance. Therefore coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum film thickness specifications to optimize their intended use. All procedures involve taking measurements of applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state to help insure correct cured film thickness. This enables the application system to be set up and fine-tuned prior to the curing process. In turn, this will reduce the amount of scrap and over-spray. Accurate predictions help avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity. Measurements of cured powder coating thickness can be made using different methods depending upon the substrate. Non-destructive measurements over metal substrates can be made with magnetic and eddy current coating thickness gages (see Practice D 7091). Non-destructive measurements over non-metal substrates can be made with ultrasonic coating thickness gages (see Test Method D 6132). Destructive measurements over rigid substrates can be made with cross-sectioning instruments (see Test Method D 4138).1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of dry coating powders applied to a variety of substrates. Use of some of these procedures may require repair of the coating powder. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers instructions for the operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry coating powder thickness:1.2.1 Procedure A - Using rigid metal notched (comb) gages.1.2.2 Procedure B - Using magnetic or eddy current coating thickness gages.1.2.3 Procedure C - Using non-contact ultrasonic powder thickness instruments. 1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during the curing process. These procedures therefore require a reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness of powder coatings.1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B measure the thickness (height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the measured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction factor can be determined and applied to future thickness measurements of the same coating powder.1.5 Procedure C results in a predicted thickness value based on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in question is not typical then a calibration adjustment can be made to align gage readings with the actual cured values as determined by other measurement methods.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured Thickness

ASTM E252-06 质量测量法测定箔片、薄板和薄膜厚度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thickness of metallic foil and sheet 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) and less in thickness by measuring the mass of a specimen of known area and density. The test method is applicable to other sheet, foil, and film as indicated in Annex A3.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, and Film by Mass Measurement

ASTM A754/A754M-06 用X射线荧光测定钢上金属涂层涂层重量(质量)的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for determining the coating weight (mass) of metallic coatings on steel sheet. The test method is intended to be used for "on-line" measurements of coating on continuous production lines.1.2 This test method is applicable to the coatings covered by the following ASTM specifications: A 599/A 599M, A 623, A 623M, A 653/A 653M, A 792/A 792M, A 875/A 875M, A 879/A 879M, A 918, and A 924/A 924M. It may be applicable to other coatings, providing that the elemental nature of the coating and substrate are compatible with the technical aspects of XRF such as the absorption coefficient of the system, primary radiation, fluorescent radiation, type of detection.1.3 This test method includes the procedure for developing a single standard determination of coating weight (mass).1.4 This test method includes procedures for both X-ray tube and isotope coating weight (mass) measuring instruments.1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coating Weight (Mass) of Metallic Coatings on Steel by X-Ray Fluorescence

ASTM C835-06(2013)e1 最高达1400℃的表面的整个半球辐射的标准试验方法

5.1 The emittance as measured by this test method can be used in the calculation of radiant heat transfer from surfaces that are representative of the tested specimens, and that are within the temperature range of the tested specimens. 5.2 This test method can be used to determine the effect of service conditions on the emittance of materials. In particular, the use of this test method with furnace exposure (time at temperature) of the materials commonly used in all-metallic insulations can determine the effects of oxidation on emittance. 5.3 The measurements described in this test method are conducted in a vacuum environment. Usually this condition will provide emittance values that are applicable to materials used under other conditions, such as in an air environment. However, it must be recognized that surface properties of materials used in air or other atmospheres may be different. In addition, preconditioned surfaces, as described in 5.2, may be altered in a vacuum environment because of vacuum stripping of absorbed gases and other associated vacuum effects. Thus, emittances measured under vacuum may have values that differ from those that exist in air, and the user must be aware of this situation. With these qualifications in mind, emittance obtained by this test method may be applied to predictions of thermal transference. 5.4 Several assumptions are made in the derivation of the emittance calculation as described in this test method. They are that: 5.4.1 The enclosure is a blackbody emitter at a uniform temperature, 5.4.2 The total hemispherical absorptance of the completely diffuse blackbody radiation at the temperature of the enclosure is equal to the total hemispherical emittance of the specimen at its temperature, and 5.4.3 There is no heat loss from the test section by convection or conduction. For most materials tested by the procedures as described in this test method, the effects of these assumptions are small and either neglected or corrections are made to the measured emittance. 5.5 For satisfactory results in conformance with this test method, the principles governing the size, construction, and use of apparatus described in this test method should be followed. If these principles are followed, any measured value obtained by the use of this test method is expected to be accurate to within ±58201;%. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by this test method, all of the requirements prescribed in this test method shall be met. 5.6 It is not practical in a test method of this type to establish details of construction and procedure to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature measurements, and general testing practices. Standardization of this test method does not reduce the need for such technical knowledge. It is recognized also that it would be unwise to restrict in any way the development of improved or new methods or procedures by research workers because of standardization of this test method. 1.1 This calorimetric test method covers the determination of total hemispherical emittance of metal and graphite surfaces and coated metal surfaces up to approximately 1400°C. The upper-use temper......

Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400deg;C

ASTM E252-06(2013) 采用质量测量的箔片, 薄板和薄膜厚度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thickness of metallic foil and sheet 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) and less in thickness by measuring the mass of a specimen of known area and density. The test method is applicable to other sheet, foil, and film as indicated in Annex A3. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, and Film by Mass Measurement

ASTM C835-06 最高达1400℃的表面的整个半球辐射的标准试验方法

DESIG: C835 06 ^TITLE: Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400C ^SCOPE:1. Scope 1.1 This calorimetric test method covers the determination of total hemispherical emittance of metal and graphite surfaces and coated metal surfaces up to approximately 1400C. The upper-use temperature is limited only by the characteristics (for example, melting temperature, vapor pressure) of the specimen and the design limits of the test facility. This test method has been demonstrated for use up to 1400 C. The lower-use temperature is limited by the temperature of the bell jar.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400176;C

ASTM E376-06 用磁场或涡流(电磁的)检验法测量覆层厚度的标准实施规程

General8212;No presently available thickness gage is applicable to all combinations of coating-substrate thicknesses and materials. The limitations of a particular instrument are generally delineated by its manufacturer. Magnetic8212;Magnetic-type gages measure either magnetic attraction between a magnet and a coating or its substrate, or reluctance of a magnetic flux path passing through the coating and substrate. These gages are designed to measure thickness of a nonmagnetic coating on a magnetic substrate. Some of them will also measure thickness of nickel coatings on a magnetic or nonmagnetic substrate.5 Eddy Current8212;Eddy-current-type thickness gages are electronic instruments that measure variations in impedance of an eddy-current inducing coil caused by coating thickness variations. They can only be used if the electrical conductivity of the coating differs significantly from that of the substrate.1.1 This practice covers the use of magnetic- and eddy-current-type thickness instruments (gages) for nondestructive thickness measurement of a coating on a metal substrate.1.2 More specific uses of these instruments are covered by Practice D 7091 and the following test methods issued by ASTM: Test Methods B 244, B 499, B 530, and G 12.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only and may be approximate.1.4 Measurements made in accordance with this practice will be in compliance with the requirements of ISO 2178 as printed in 1982.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods

ASTM E252-05 质量测量法测定薄箔、薄板和薄膜厚度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thickness of metallic foil and sheet 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) and less in thickness by measuring the mass of a specimen of known area and density. The test method is applicable to other sheet, foil, and film as indicated in Annex A3.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information and only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thickness of Thin Foil, Sheet, and Film by Mass Measurement

ASTM D7091-05 应用于黑色金属的无磁涂层和应用于有色金属的无磁和不导电涂层的干膜厚度的无损测量的标准实施规程

Most specifications for commercial and industrial coatings projects stipulate a minimum and a maximum dry film thickness for each layer in a coating system. Additionally, most manufacturers of high performance coatings will warranty coating systems based upon, in part, achieving the proper thickness of each layer and the total coating system. Even if a project specification is not provided, the coating manufacturer’s recommendations published on product data sheets can become the governing document(s). Equipment manufacturers produce non-destructive coating thickness testing gages that are used to measure the cumulative thickness of the coating layers, after they are dry. The manufacturers provide information for the adjustment and use of these gages, normally in the form of operating instructions. The user of this equipment must be knowledgeable in the proper operation of these devices, including methods for verifying the accuracy of the equipment prior to, during and after use as well as measurement procedures. This practice was prepared to describe the proper methods for verifying the accuracy of coating thickness measuring gages, as well as the proper methods for obtaining coating thickness measurements on both ferrous and non-ferrous metal substrates.1.1 This practice describes the nondestructive measurement of the dry film thickness of nonmagnetic coatings applied to the surface of ferrous metals using magnetic gages and the nondestructive measurement of the dry film thickness of electrically nonconductive, nonmagnetic coatings applied to the surface of nonferrous metals using eddy current gages. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers'' instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting (optimizing) the equipment, describes a frequency for measuring the thickness of the coating(s) and lists the reporting recommendations.1.2 These procedures are not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformed under the load of the measuring gages/probes, as the gage probe must be placed directly on the coating surface to obtain a reading. Provisions for measuring on soft or tacky coatings are described in .1.3 Use of film thickness measuring gages on metal-filled coatings may produce erroneous results, depending on the type and amount of metal in the coating film. The user should consult the manufacturers instructions regarding the use of coating thickness gages on these types of coatings.1.4 Coating thickness can be measured using a variety of gages. These gages are categorized as "magnetic pull-off" and "electronic." They use a sensing probe or magnet to measure the gap (distance) between the base metal and the probe. This measured distance is displayed as coating thickness by the gages. Accordingly, these gages cannot distinguish the thickness of individual layers after they have all been applied. The thickness of each layer must be measured after it is applied. Even then, the thickness of the measured layer is the cumulative thickness of that layer and all layers beneath it, down to the base metal.1.5 Gages which measure coating thickness using an ultrasonic principle may also be able to measure the thickness of coatings applied to metal surfaces. This practice does not address the use of ultrasonic coating thickness gages. Test Method D 6132 should be referenced for this application.1.6 Coating thickness can vary widely across a surface. As a result, obtaining single-point measurements may not accurately represent the actual coating syste......

Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals

ASTM G99-05 用针盘仪进行磨损检测的标准试验方法

The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example; lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test. Note8212;F is the normal force on the pin, d is the pin or ball diameter, D is the disk diameter, R is the wear track radius, and w is the rotation velocity of the disk. FIG. 1 Schematic of pin-on-disk wear test system. 1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may also be determined.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

ASTM E430-05 用简化滤色测角光度计测定高上光表面光泽度的标准试验方法

The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance. It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 30 and 20, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),178; the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry

ASTM G99-05(2010) 用针盘仪进行磨损试验的标准试验方法

The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example; lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may also be determined. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus