17.040.20 (Properties of surfaces) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E2382-04 扫描隧道显微镜学和原子力显微镜学中扫描器和与触点相关物品的指南

1.1 All microscopes are subject to artifacts. The purpose of this document is to provide a description of commonly observed artifacts in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) relating to probe motion and geometric considerations of the tip and surface interaction, provide literature references of examples and, where possible, to offer an interpretation as to the source of the artifact. Because the scanned probe microscopy field is a burgeoning one, this document is not meant to be comprehensive but rather to serve as a guide to practicing microscopists as to possible pitfalls one may expect. The ability to recognize artifacts should assist in reliable evaluation of instrument operation and in reporting of data.1.2 A limited set of terms will be defined here. A full description of terminology relating to the description, operation, and calibration of STM and AFM instruments is beyond the scope of this document.

Guide to Scanner and Tip Related Artifacts in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

ASTM F24-04 表面粒状杂质的测量和计数标准方法

1.1 This method covers the size distribution analysis of particulate contamination, 5 m or greater in size, either on, or washed from, the surface of small electron-device components. A maximum variation of two to one (33 % of the average of two runs) should be expected for replicate counts on the same sample.Note 1--For satisfactory results on clean parts, it is recommended that all procedures involved in sample preparation be conducted under a dust shield.

Standard Method for Measuring and Counting Particulate Contamination on Surfaces

ASTM E252-04 用质量测量法测定薄箔和薄膜厚度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thickness of metallic foil and sheet 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) and less in thickness by measuring the mass of a specimen of known area and density. The test method is applicable to other sheet, foil, and film as indicated in Annex A3.1.2 Units The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information and only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thickness of Thin Foil and Film by Mass Measuerment

ASTM E1577-04 用于表面分析的离子束参数报告的标准指南

Ion beams are utilized in surface analysis in two ways. First, they can generate signals from the specimen, for example, in SIMS and ISS. Second, they can remove material from the specimen surface while a surface analytical technique determines the composition of the freshly exposed surface. This process is called sputter depth profiling. Ideally, this guide requires reporting all characteristics of the ion beam that can possibly affect the results so that the measurement can be reproduced.1.1 This guide covers the information needed to characterize ion beams used in surface analysis. 1.2 This guide does not cover all information required to perform a sputter depth profile (see referenced documents), specify any properties of the specimen except its surface normal, and discuss the rationale for choosing a particular set of ion beam parameters (1,7). This guide does assume that the ion flux has a unique direction, that is, is an ion beam, rather than a wide spectrum of velocity vectors more typical of a plasma. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Reporting of Ion Beam Parameters Used in Surface Analysis

ASTM E2382-04(2012) 扫描隧道显微镜学和原子力显微镜学中扫描器和与触点相关物品的标准指南

1.1 All microscopes are subject to artifacts. The purpose of this document is to provide a description of commonly observed artifacts in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) relating to probe motion and geometric considerations of the tip and surface interaction, provide literature references of examples and, where possible, to offer an interpretation as to the source of the artifact. Because the scanned probe microscopy field is a burgeoning one, this document is not meant to be comprehensive but rather to serve as a guide to practicing microscopists as to possible pitfalls one may expect. The ability to recognize artifacts should assist in reliable evaluation of instrument operation and in reporting of data. 1.2 A limited set of terms will be defined here. A full description of terminology relating to the description, operation, and calibration of STM and AFM instruments is beyond the scope of this document. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Guide to Scanner and Tip Related Artifacts in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

ASTM D7031-04 木材-塑料复合产品的机械和物理性能的评估标准指南

WPCs are intended for use in both structural and non-structural applications. The test methods described within are intended to address products that are manufactured from virgin or recycled wood and thermoplastic sources. These methods provide a reference for the evaluation of several mechanical and physical properties important for structural and non-structural uses of WPCs. 1.1 This guide covers test methods appropriate for evaluating a wide range of performance properties for wood-plastic composite (WPC) products. It was developed from evaluations of both experimental and currently manufactured products, and is not intended to suggest that all the tests listed are necessary or appropriate for each application of a WPC. The user must determine which test methods apply to the particular application being evaluated (see Appendix X1).1.2 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary and are beyond the scope of this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products

ASTM G65-04 用干砂/橡胶轮装置测定磨蚀的标准试验方法

The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this test method to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss. Note 1In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 10 5 in3.1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures which are appropriate for specific degrees of wear resistance or thicknesses of the test material.1.3.1 Procedure AThis is a relatively severe test which will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.1.3.2 Procedure BA short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume-loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.1.3.3 Procedure CA short-term variation of Procedure A for use on thin coatings.1.3.4 Procedure DThis is a lighter load variation of Procedure A which is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of a specific generic type or materials which would be very close in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.1.3.5 Procedure EA short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

ASTM G99-04 用针盘仪进行磨损检测的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may also be determined. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

ASTM E2386-04 进行PDD屏蔽检查的标准指南

1.1 This guide establishes essential and recommended elements in the procedures for the conduct of a psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) screening examination.

Standard Guide for the Conduct of PDD Screening Examinations

ASTM G99-04a 用针盘仪进行磨损检测的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may also be determined. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

ASTM E2386-04(2011) 执行PDD筛选检查的标准指南

1.1 This guide establishes essential and recommended elements in the procedures for the conduct of a psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) screening examination.

Standard Guide for the Conduct of PDD Screening Examinations

ASTM G171-03(2009)e1 用金刚石触针测试材料划痕硬度的标准试验方法

This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers. This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made. The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating. This test uses measurements of the residual scratch width after the stylus has been removed to compute the scratch hardness number. Therefore, it reflects the permanent deformation resulting from scratching and not the instantaneous state of combined elastic and plastic deformation of the surface.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

ASTM D5796-03 用钻孔装置破坏性测量薄膜盘绕覆层系统的干膜厚度的标准试验方法

Measurement of dry film thickness of organic coatings by physically cutting through the film and optically observing and measuring the thickness offers the advantage of direct measurement as compared with nondestructive means. Constituent coating layers of an overall thickness of a coating system can usually be measured individually by this test method, provide adhesion between each layer is sufficient. (However, this can be difficult in cases where the primer, topcoat, or multiple coating layers have the same, or very similar, appearance.)1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dry film thickness (DFT) of coating films by microscopic observation of a precision-cut, shallow-angle crater bored into the coating film. This crater reveals cross sectional layers appearing as rings, whose width is proportional to the depth of the coating layer(s) and allows for direct calculation of dry film thickness.1.1.1 The Apparatus, Procedure, and Precision and Bias discussions include Method A and Method B. Method A involves the use of an optical measurement apparatus which is no longer commercially available, but remains a valid method of dry film measurement. Method B is a software driven measurement procedure that supersedes Method A.1.2 The substrate may be any rigid, metallic material, such as cold-rolled steel, hot-dipped galvanized steel, aluminum, etc. The substrate must be planar with the exception of substrates exhibiting "coil set," which may be held level by the use of the clamping tool on the drilling device.Note 18212;Variations in the surface profile of the substrate may result in misrepresentative organic coating thickness readings. This condition may exist over substrates such as hot-dipped, coated steel sheet. This is true of all "precision cut" methods that are used to determine dry film thickness of organic coatings. This is why several measurements across the strip may be useful if substrate surface profile is suspect.1.3 The range of thickness measurement is 0 to 3.5 mils (0 to 89 956;m).Note 28212;For DFT measurements of films greater than 3.5 mils (89 956;m), but less than 63 mils (1600 956;m), a 45176; borer may be used in accordance with this test method, with the exception of 6.8, where the micrometer reading would provide a direct read-out, and division by ten would be unnecessary per 4.3.1 Method A.1.4 Measurements may be made on coil-coated sheet, certain formed products, or on test panels.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Thin Film Coil-Coated Systems by Destructive Means Using a Boring Device

ASTM G171-03 用金刚石触针测定材料划痕硬度的标准试验方法

This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers. This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made. The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating. This test uses measurements of the residual scratch width after the stylus has been removed to compute the scratch hardness number. Therefore, it reflects the permanent deformation resulting from scratching and not the instantaneous state of combined elastic and plastic deformation of the surface.1.1 This standard describes laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli.1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

ASTM E376-03 用磁场或涡流(电磁的)检验法测量覆层厚度的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the use of magnetic- and eddy-current-type thickness instruments (gages) for nondestructive thickness measurement of a coating on a metal substrate. 1.2 More specific uses of these instruments are covered by the following test methods issued by ASTM: Test Methods B 244, B 499, B 530, D 1186, D 1400, and G 12. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only and may be approximate. 1.4 Measurements made in accordance with this test method will be in compliance with the requirements of ISO International Standard 2178 as printed in 1982. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods

ASTM E284-02b 专业认证性能测试的标准实践

1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1-4)) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.

Standard Terminology of Appearance

ASTM E284-02a 专业认证性能测试的标准实践

1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1-4)) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.

Standard Terminology of Appearance

ASTM E284-02 专业认证性能测试的标准实践

1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1-4)) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.

Standard Terminology of Appearance

ASTM G98-02(2009) 材料抗磨损的标准试验方法

This test method is designed to rank material couples in their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces. This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example which this test method most closely simulates. Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces of value trim which may leak excessively due to galling; and pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling. If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and loses dimension gradually, then mechanical wear should be evaluated by a different test such as the crossed cylinder Test Method (see Test Method G83). Chain belt pins and bushings are examples of this type of problem. This test method should not be used for quantitative or final design purposes since many environmental factors influence the galling performance of materials in service. Lubrication, alignment, stiffness and geometry are only some of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test method has proven valuable in screening materials for prototypical testing that more closely simulates actual service conditions.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test which ranks the galling resistance of material couples. Most galling studies have been conducted on bare metals and alloys; however, non-metallics, coatings, and surface modified alloys may also be evaluated by this test method. 1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated conditions because galling usually will not occur under lubricated sliding conditions using this test method. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials

ASTM G98-02 材料耐磨损性的标准试验方法

This test method is designed to rank material couples in their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces. This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example which this test method most closely simulates. Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces of value trim which may leak excessively due to galling; and pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling. If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and loses dimension gradually, then mechanical wear should be evaluated by a different test such as the crossed cylinder Test Method (see Test Method G 83). Chain belt pins and bushings are examples of this type of problem. This test method should not be used for quantitative or final design purposes since many environmental factors influence the galling performance of materials in service. Lubrication, alignment, stiffness and geometry are only some of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test method has proven valuable in screening materials for prototypical testing that more closely simulates actual service conditions.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test which ranks the galling resistance of material couples. Most galling studies have been conducted on bare metals and alloys; however, non-metallics, coatings, and surface modified alloys may also be evaluated by this test method.1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated conditions because galling usually will not occur under lubricated sliding conditions using this test method.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials