17.060 (Measurement of volume, mass, density, visc 标准查询与下载

ASTM D6716-08 湿蓝皮中总灰分的标准试验方法

This test method is useful in determining the approximate amount of nonvolatile inorganic material in wet blue. This may be in the form of salts or oxides of the elements. In a mixed-chrome tannage, the approximate percentage of other elements in the wet blue may be determined by subtracting the chromic oxide that may be conveniently determined on the ash. (See Test Method D 6714.) The specified temperature of 600°C is high enough to produce a reproducible result but it does not completely dehydrate such oxides as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Likewise, such salts as sulfates and phosphates may be incompletely dehydrated, and if alkalis and chromium are present simultaneously, oxidation to chromate may occur. Therefore, caution is advised in drawing conclusions based on quantitative relations of the elements.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total ash in wet blue and wet white. 1.2 For total ash in wet white, the procedure is identical; substitute wet white for wet blue in the standard. 1.3 Total ash in wet blue may be reported upon a number of different bases (for example, fat-free, moisture-free, as received, excluding chromium, and so forth). Before proceeding with any tests, it is very important to determine upon which basis that the total ash is to be reported and to identify all other test methods that will be required to be executed in order to achieve the determined reporting method. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Total Ash in Wet Blue

ASTM D7483-08 用摆动活塞粘度计测定液体动力粘度和衍生运动粘度的标准试验方法

Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids. Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measurement of a broad range of materials including transparent, translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle and stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Viscometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable operations. The measurement itself is automatic and does not require an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electromagnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test. The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mL and typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes cleanup effort and waste.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an oscillating piston viscometer. 1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was developed using Newtonian liquids. 1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approximately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to 22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 to 190°C; however the precision has been determined only for new and used oils in the range of 1.434 mPa·s to 154.4 mPa·s at temperatures of 40 and 100°C (as stated in the precision section). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer

ASTM D7279-08 用自动黏度计法测定透明与不透明液体运动粘度的标准试验方法

Many petroleum products and some non-petroleum products are used as lubricants in the equipment, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the lubricant being used. Additionally, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications. The viscosity of used oils is a commonly determined parameter in the oil industry to assess the effect of engine wear on the lube oils used, as well as the degradation of the engine parts during operation. The Houillon viscometer tube method offers automated determination of kinematic viscosity. Typically a sample volume of less than 1 mL is required for the analysis.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids such as fresh and used lubricating oils using a Houillon viscometer in automated mode. 1.2 The range of kinematic viscosity capable of being measured by this test method is from 2 to 1500 mm2/s (see Fig. 1). The range is dependent on the tube constant utilized. The temperature range that the apparatus is capable of achieving is between 20°C and 150°C, inclusive; however, the precision has only been determined for the viscosity range 25 to 150 mm2/s at 40°C and 5 to 16 mm2/s at 100°C for the materials listed in the precision section. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 6.

Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids by Automated Houillon Viscometer

ASTM D6716-08(2013) 蓝湿皮或者白湿皮中总灰分的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is useful in determining the approximate amount of nonvolatile inorganic material in wet blue. This may be in the form of salts or oxides of the elements. In a mixed-chrome tannage, the approximate percentage of other elements in the wet blue may be determined by subtracting the chromic oxide that may be conveniently determined on the ash. (See Test Method D6714.) 5.2 The specified temperature of 600°C is high enough to produce a reproducible result but it does not completely dehydrate such oxides as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Likewise, such salts as sulfates and phosphates may be incompletely dehydrated, and if alkalis and chromium are present simultaneously, oxidation to chromate may occur. Therefore, caution is advised in drawing conclusions based on quantitative relations of the elements. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of total ash in wet blue and wet white. 1.2 For total ash in wet white, the procedure is identical; substitute wet white for wet blue in the standard. 1.3 Total ash in wet blue may be reported upon a number of different bases (for example, fat-free, moisture-free, as received, excluding chromium, and so forth). Before proceeding with any tests, it is very important to determine upon which basis that the total ash is to be reported and to identify all other test methods that will be required to be executed in order to achieve the determined reporting method. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Total Ash in Wet Blue or Wet White

ASTM D7394-08 用立体台式旋转粘度计测定建筑涂料流变学性能的规程

A significant feature of this practice is the ability to obtain a semblance of coating rheology over a broad range of shear rates with the same bench viscometers and test protocol that paint formulators and paint QC analysts routinely use. By using this procedure, an approximation of the shear rheology of a coating is possible without using a rheometer, and performance predictions can be made based on those measurements. Low-Shear Viscosity (LSV)8212;The determination of low-shear viscosity in this practice can be used to predict the relative “in-can” performance of coatings for their ability to suspend pigment or prevent syneresis, or both. The LSV can also predict relative performance for leveling and sag resistance after application by roll, brush or spray. Fig. 1 shows the predictive low-shear viscosity relationships for several coatings properties. 5.3 Mid-Shear Viscosity (MSV)8212;The determination of MSV (coating consistency) in this practice is often the first viscosity obtained. This viscosity reflects the coatings resistance to flow on mixing, pouring, pumping, or hand stirring. Architectural coatings nearly always have a target specification for mid-shear viscosity, which is usually obtained by adjusting the level of thickener in the coating. Consequently, mid-shear viscosity is ideally a constant for a given series of coatings being tested to provide meaningful comparisons of low-shear and high-shear viscosity. With viscosities at the same KU value, MSV can also be used to obtain the relative Mid-Shear Thickener Efficiency (MSTE) of different thickeners in the same coating expressed as lb thickener/100 gal wet coating or g thickener/L wet coating. 5.4 High-Shear Viscosity (HSV)8212;High-shear viscosity in this practice is a measure of the coatings resistance to flow on application by brush or roller, which is often referred to as brush-drag or rolling resistance respectively. This viscosity relates to the coatings ability to provide one-coat hiding, its ease of application (brushing or rolling resistance), and its spread rate. Fig. 2 shows high-shear viscosity relationship predictions for relative coating performance. FIG. 1 Low Shear Viscosity (LSV) FIG. 2 High Shear Viscosity (HSV)1.1 This practice covers a popular industry protocol for the rheological characterization of waterborne architectural coatings using three commonly used rotational bench viscometers. Each viscometer operates in a different shear rate regime for determination of coating viscosity at low shear rate, mid shear rate, and at high shear rate respectively as defined herein. General guidelines are provided for predicting some coating performance properties from the viscosity measurements made. With appropriate correlations and subsequent modification of the performance guidelines, this practice has potential for characterization of other types of aqueous and non-aqueous coatings. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Rheological Characterization of Architectural Coatings using Three Rotational Bench Viscometers

ASTM D1545-07 用起泡时间法测定透明液体粘度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity in bubble seconds by timing. The bubble seconds are approximately equal to stokes for most liquids.1.2 The test method is applicable to transparent liquids that are free from crystalline or gel particles.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Transparent Liquids by Bubble Time Method

ASTM D1480-07 用宾汉比重计测定粘性材料密度和相对密度(比重)的标准试验方法

Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils. Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C. The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 and 100°C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in centistokes (mm2/s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in centipoises (mPa·s).1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 600 mm Hg (80 kPa) and viscosities below 40 000 cSt (mm2/s) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 and 100°C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply. Note 18212;For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D 1217. 1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer

ASTM D446-07 玻璃毛细管运动粘度计的使用说明和标准规范

1.1 These specifications cover operating instructions for glass capillary kinematic viscometers of all the types described in detail in , , and as follows:Modified Ostwald viscometers, Suspended-level viscometers, Reverse-flow viscometers, 1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in Section .1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D 445. Other viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision given in Test Method D 445 may be used.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers

ASTM D6616-07(2012) 在100摄氏度时用锥形轴承模拟器粘度计测量高剪切率时粘度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100??C and 1??106s ???1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2Note 1???This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150??C. 1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 to 12 mPa??s (cP) at 100??C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa??s (cP) to above 25 mPa??s (cP), depending on the model of TBS. 1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1??106s???1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa??s at 100??C. 1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa??s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100deg;C

ASTM D4753-07 评定、选择和规范土壤、岩石和结构材料测试用天平和标准砝码的标准指南

This guide provides those using standards related to soil, rock, and related construction materials, with a means for selecting the balance required for a particular standard. This guide provides those writing standards pertaining to soil, rock, and related construction materials with a means for specifying the balance capabilities required for a particular standard and for describing the balance selected in a uniform fashion. This guide provides agencies conducting soil, rock, and related construction materials, testing with guidance for selecting and evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses. This guide provides inspection organizations with criteria for evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses. 1.1 This guide provides minimum requirements for general-purpose scales, balances, and standard masses used in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials.1.2 This guide provides guidance for evaluating, selecting, and specifying general purpose scales, balances, and standard masses used in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials.1.3 The accuracy requirements for balances and scales are specified in terms of the combined effect of all sources of error contributing to overall balance performance. The measurement of specific sources of error and consideration of details pertaining to balance construction have been intentionally avoided.1.4 This guide does not include requirements for balances and scales having accuracies greater than those generally required in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials or for research programs or specialized testing requirements.1.5 This guide does not apply to nongraduated balances.1.6 This guide does not address the methods used to verify or quantify specific parameters dealing with balances and scales. For a description of tests used in evaluating balance performance, see NIST Handbook 44.1.7 This guide is not intended to be used as a specification for the purchase of balances and scales. Note 1The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) publish standards or practices that specify construction requirements as well as performance guides for balances. ASTM, OIML, and NIST publish construction standards and tolerances for standard masses. Note 2The terms "mass" and "determine the mass of" are used in this standard instead of the more commonly used terms "weight" and "weigh" to comply with standard metric practice. In addition, the term "standard mass(es)" is used instead of standard "standard weight(s)" when referring to a piece of material of known specified mass used to compare or measure the mass of other masses.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing

ASTM D88-07 赛氏粘度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21 and 99176;C (70 and 210176;F). A special procedure for waxy products is indicated.Note 18212;Test Methods D 445 and D 2170 are preferred for the determination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and less time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be converted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D 2161. It is recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather than Saybolt viscosities.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity

ASTM D7109-07 利用欧洲柴油喷射器装置在30和90周期中测试含流体聚合物的剪切稳定性用标准试验方法

This test method evaluates the percent viscosity loss of fluids resulting from physical degradation in the high shear nozzle device. Thermal or oxidative effects are minimized. This test method may be used for quality control purposes by manufacturers of polymeric lubricant additives and their customers. This test method is not intended to predict viscosity loss in field service in different field equipment under widely varying operating conditions, which may cause lubricant viscosity to change due to thermal and oxidative changes, as well as by the mechanical shearing of polymer. However, when the field service conditions, primarily or exclusively, result in the degradation of polymer by mechanical shearing, there may be a correlation between the results from this test method and results from the field.1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the shear stability of polymer-containing fluids. The test method measures the viscosity loss, in mm2/s and percent, at 100°C of polymer-containing fluids when evaluated by a diesel injector apparatus procedure that uses European diesel injector test equipment. The viscosity loss reflects polymer degradation due to shear at the nozzle. Viscosity loss is evaluated after both 30 and 90 cycles of shearing. Note 18212;This test method evaluates the shear stability of oils after both 30 and 90 cycles of shearing. For most oils, there is a correlation between results after 30 cycles and results after 90 cycles of shearing, but this is not universal. Note 28212;Test Method D 6278 uses essentially the same procedure with 30 cycles only instead of both 30 and 90 cycles. The correlation between results from this test method at 30 cycles and results from Test Method D 6278 has not been established. Note 38212;Test Method D 2603 has been used for similar evaluation of shear stability; limitations are as indicated in the significance statement. No detailed attempt has been undertaken to correlate the results of this test method with those of the sonic shear test method. Note 48212;This test method uses test apparatus as defined in CEC L-14-A-93. This test method differs from CEC-L-14-A-93 in the period of time required for calibration. Note 58212;Test Method D 5275 also shears oils in a diesel injector apparatus but may give different results. Note 68212;This test method has different calibration and operational requirements than withdrawn Test Method D 3945. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Containing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector Apparatus at 30 and 90 Cycles

ASTM D6616-07 在100℃时用锥形承载模拟器粘度计测量高剪切速率时粘度的标准试验方法

Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is thought to be particularly representative of bearing conditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperature regime. The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100°C and 1·106s–1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer. Note 18212;This test method is similar to Test Method D 4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150°C. 1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 to 12 mPa·s (cP) at 100°C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS. 1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·106s–1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa·s at 100°C. 1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100x00B0;C

ASTM D6703-07 自动HEITHAUS滴定分析法用标准试验方法

This test method is intended primarily as a laboratory diagnostic tool for estimating the colloidal stability of asphalt, asphalt cross blends, aged asphalt, pyrolyzed asphalt, and heavy oil residuum. Historically, asphalt and heavy oil residua have been modeled as colloidal suspensions (8,9) in which a polar, associated asphaltene moiety (the dispersed phase) is suspended in a maltene solvent moiety (the dispersing medium) (refer to test methods D 3279, D 4124, and D 5546 for further definition of asphalt fraction materials). The extent to which these two moieties remain in a given state of peptization is a measure of the compatibility of the suspension. Compatibility influences important physical properties of these materials, including rheological properties, for example, phase angle and viscosity (10,11). Compatibility also influences coke formation in refining processes (4). This test method and other similar test methods (7, 12-15), along with the classical Heithaus test (1,2), measures the overall compatibility of a colloidal system by determining a designated parameter referred to as the state of peptization, P. The value of P commonly varies between 2.5 and 10 for unmodified or neat asphalts. Materials calculated to have low values of P are designated as incompatible, where as materials calculated to have high P values are designated as compatible. Values of P may be calculated as a function of two other designated parameters that relate to the peptizability of the asphaltene moiety (the asphaltene peptizability parameter, pa) and the solvent power of the maltene moiety (the maltene peptizing power parameter, po). Values of pa and po are calculated as functions of the quantities Cmin and FRmax, the values of which are obtained from three experimental variables, the weight of residuum or asphalt (Wa), the volume of solvent (VS), and the volume of titrant added up to the flocculation point (VT).1.1 This test method describes a procedure for quantifying three Heithaus compatibility parameters (1,2) that estimate the colloidal stability of asphalts and asphalt cross blends (1,2), aged asphalts (3), and pyrolyzed heavy oil residua and asphalt (4) using automated Heithaus titrimetry as a stability diagnostic tool. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Automated Heithaus Titrimetry

ASTM E2510-07(2013) 流变仪的扭矩校准或一致性用标准试验方法

5.1 The test method calibrates or demonstrates conformity of the torque signal of a rheometer at ambient temperature. 5.2 A calibration factor thus determined may be used to obtain correct torque values. 5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, specification acceptance, and quality control or assurance. 1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance conformance for the torque signal generated by commercial or custom-built rheometers. The specific range of the test depends upon the torque range of the rheometer. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Torque Calibration or Conformance of Rheometers

ASTM E2510-07 流变仪的扭矩校准或一致性用标准试验方法

The test method calibrates or demonstrates conformity of the torque signal of a rheometer at ambient temperature. A calibration factor thus determined may be used to obtain correct torque values. This test method may be used in research, development, specification acceptance, and quality control or assurance.1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance conformance for the torque signal generated by commercial or custom-built rheometers. The specific range of the test depends upon the torque range of the rheometer.1.2 SI units are the standard.1.3 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Torque Calibration or Conformance of Rheometers

ASTM D88-07(2013) 赛氏粘度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certain petroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformity of shipments and sources of supply. 5.2 See Guide D117 for applicability to mineral oils used as electrical insulating oils. 5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenth the Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended for characterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils and other residual materials having Saybolt Universal viscosities greater than 1000 s. 5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bituminous materials at higher temperatures is covered by Test Method E102. 1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21 and 99°C (70 and 210°F). A special procedure for waxy products is indicated. Note 1—Test Methods D445 and D2170 are preferred for the determination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and less time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be converted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D2161. It is recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather than Saybolt viscosities. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity

ASTM D6716-06 湿铬鞣革中总灰分的标准试验方法

This test method is useful in determining the approximate amount of nonvolatile inorganic material in wet blue. This may be in the form of salts or oxides of the elements. In a mixed-chrome tannage, the approximate percentage of other elements in the wet blue may be determined by subtracting the chromic oxide that may be conveniently determined on the ash. (See Test Method D 6714.) The specified temperature of 600°C is high enough to produce a reproducible result but it does not completely dehydrate such oxides as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Likewise, such salts as sulfates and phosphates may be incompletely dehydrated, and if alkalis and chromium are present simultaneously, oxidation to chromate may occur. Therefore, caution is advised in drawing conclusions based on quantitative relations of the elements.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total ash in wet blue.1.2 Total ash in wet blue may be reported upon a number of different bases (for example, fat-free, moisture-free, as received, excluding chromium, and so forth). Before proceeding with any tests, it is very important to determine upon which basis that the total ash is to be reported and to identify all other test methods that will be required to be executed in order to achieve the determined reporting method.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Total Ash in Wet Blue

ASTM D6022-06(2012) 永久剪切稳定性指数计算的标准操作规程

1.1 This practice specifies the procedure for the calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index (PSSI) of an additive using viscosities before and after a shearing procedure. 1.2 PSSI is calculated for a single blend component and can then be used to estimate the effects of that component on finished lubricant blends. 1.3 This practice is applicable to many products and may use data from many different test methods. The calculation is presented in its most general form in order not to restrict its use.

Standard Practice for Calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index

ASTM D445-06 透明和不透明液体运动粘度的标准试验方法(包括动态粘度的计算)

Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, , of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, , can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, , by the density, , of the liquid. Note 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D 2170 and D 2171.Note 2ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D 445.1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see and ). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)