17.180.20 (Colours and measurement of light) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D2244-09b 仪器测量颜色坐标中允许色差和色差的计算用标准实施规程

The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens. For uniformity of practice, the CIE recommended in 1976 the use of two color metrics. The CIELAB metric, with its associated color-difference equation, has found wide acceptance in the coatings, plastics, textiles and related industries. While the CIELAB equation has not completely replaced the use of Hunter LH, aH, bH, this older scale is no longer recommended for other than legacy users, and is therefore included in an Appendix for historical purposes. The CIELAB color-difference equation is also not recommended in this practice for use in describing small and moderate color differences (differences with magnitude less than 5.0 Δ E*ab units). The four more recently defined equations, documented here, are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference. Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lightness, and saturation obtained by using Practice D1729. The three tolerance equations given here have been tested extensively against such data for textiles and plastics and have been shown to agree with the visual evaluations to within the experimental uncertainty of the visual judgments. That implies that the equations themselves misclassify a color difference with a frequency no greater than that of the most experienced visual color matcher. While color difference equations and color tolerance equations are routinely applied to a wide range of illuminants, they have been derived or optimized, or both, for use under daylight illumination. Good correlation with the visual judgments may not be obtained when the calculations are made with other illuminants. Use of a tolerance equation for other than daylight conditions will require visual confirmation of the level of metamerism in accordance with ........

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM D4590-09 用分光光度法测定苯乙烯单体中对一叔丁基邻苯二酚的比色标准试验方法

This test method is suitable for determining the quantity of TBC inhibitor, both for the protection against polymerization while in transit and storage, and for internal quality control.1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of residual 4-tertiary-butylcatechol (TBC) in styrene monomer or AMS in the 1 to 100 ppm (mg/kg) range. Any other compound producing color at 490 nm when contacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution will interfere. It may be compensated for by including it in the preparation of the standard solutions, if its identity and concentration in the sample are known. 1.2 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E 29. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific statements on hazards, see Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Colorimetric Determination of p-tert-Butylcatechol In Styrene Monomer or AMS (alpha-Methylstyrene) by Spectrophotometry

ASTM E1164-09 获取物体颜色评定用分光光度计数据

The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E 308. This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects. 1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications. 1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted. 1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation

ASTM D2244-09 用于计算彩色公差和色差与仪器测量颜色坐标的标准实践

The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens. For uniformity of practice, the CIE recommended in 1976 the use of two color metrics. The CIELAB metric, with its associated color-difference equation, has found wide acceptance in the coatings, plastics, textiles and related industries. While the CIELAB equation has not completely replaced the use of Hunter LH, aH, bH, this older scale is no longer recommended for other than legacy users, and is therefore included in an Appendix for historical purposes. The CIELAB color-difference equation is also not recommended in this practice for use in describing small and moderate color differences (differences with magnitude less than 5.0 Δ E*ab units). The four more recently defined equations, documented here, are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference. Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lightness, and saturation obtained by using Practice D 1729. The three tolerance equations given here have been tested extensively against such data for textiles and plastics and have been shown to agree with the visual evaluations to within the experimental uncertainty of the visual judgments. That implies that the equations themselves misclassify a color difference with a frequency no greater than that of the most experienced visual color matcher. While color difference equations and color tolerance equations are routinely applied to a wide range of illuminants, they have been derived or optimized, or both, for use under daylight illumination. Good correlation with the visual judgments may not be obtained when the calculations are made with other illuminants. Use of a tolerance equation for other than daylight conditions will require visual confirmation of the level of metamerism in accordance with Practice D 4086.1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrume......

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E2194-09 金属片状加色剂材料的多角度颜色测量标准实施规程

Instrumental Measurement Angles8212;This practice is designed to provide color data at specific measurement angles that can be utilized for quality control, color matching, and formulating in the characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. Materials8212;This practice provides meaningful color information for metal flake pigmented materials. This practice has been tested and verified on paint and coatings, and the same principles should apply to plastics containing metallic flake. For materials containing pearlescent materials refer to Practice E 2539. Utilization8212;This practice is appropriate for measurement and characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. These data may be used for quality control, incoming inspection, or color correction purposes. Specimen Requirements8212;Even though a pair of specimens have the same color values at three angles, if there are differences in gloss, orange peel, texture, or flake orientation, they may not be a visual match. Note 28212;Information presented in this practice is based upon data taken on metallic materials coatings. Applicability of this practice to other materials should be confirmed by the user.1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters needed to make precise instrumental measurements of the colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to encompass gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coatings, paints, plastics, and inks. 1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The measurement of materials containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen. The optical characteristics of materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice. Note 18212;Data taken by utilizing this practice are for gonio-appearance quality control purposes. This procedure may not necessarily supply appropriate data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials

ASTM E1164-09a 用光谱测得的数据评定物体颜色的标准实施规程

The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E 308. This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects. 1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications. 1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted. 1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation

ASTM E1331-09 用半球体几何形状的分光光度法测量反射系数和颜色的标准试验方法

The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system. This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805): All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation. Object-color specimens for color assessment. For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement. For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations. For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent. Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement. This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179): Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss, Retroreflective specimens, and Fluorescent specimens (Practice E991). When there is doubt as to whether the specular component of reflection should be included or excluded, both measurements should be made, and the results correlated with visual judgments. Thereafter, the method with higher visual correlation should be utilized. When measurements of two specimens whose gloss, or texture, are substantially different from each other, are to be utilized in a color-difference comparison, generally the specular component should be included in each measurement. This has the effect of including in both measurements all the first surface reflections whether diffuse or specular. These first surface reflections are subtracted from each other in the color-difference equation, and differences in the body color remain, which is what is usually sought.1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere. 1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does n......

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

ASTM E308-08 用CIE体系估计物体颜色的标准实施规程

The CIE colorimetric systems provide numerical specifications that are meant to indicate whether or not pairs of color stimuli match when viewed by a CIE standard observer. The CIE color systems are not intended to provide visually uniform scales of color difference or to describe visually perceived color appearances. This practice provides for the calculation of tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y that can be used directly for psychophysical color stimulus specification or that can be transformed to nearly visually uniform color scales, such as CIELAB and CIELUV. Uniform color scales are preferred for research, production control, color-difference calculation, color specification, and setting color tolerances. The appearance of a material or an object is not completely specified by the numerical evaluation of its psychophysical color, because appearance can be influenced by other properties such as gloss or texture.1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain CIE tristimulus values from spectral reflectance, transmittance, or radiance data for object-color specimens. 1.2 Procedures and tables of standard values are given for computing from spectral measurements the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z, and chromaticity coordinates x, y for the CIE 1931 standard observer and X10, Y10, Z10 and x10. y10 for the CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer. 1.3 Standard values are included for the spectral power of six CIE standard illuminants and three CIE recommended fluorescent illuminants. 1.4 Procedures are included for cases in which data are available only in more limited wavelength ranges than those recommended, or for a measurement interval wider than that recommended by the CIE. This practice is applicable to spectral data obtained in accordance with Practice E 1164 with 1-, 5-, 10-, or 20-nm measurement interval. 1.5 Procedures are included for cases in which the spectral data are, and those in which they are not, corrected for bandpass dependence. For the uncorrected cases, it is assumed that the spectral bandpass of the instrument used to obtain the data was approximately equal to the measurement interval and was triangular in shape. These choices are believed to correspond to the most widely used industrial practice. 1.6 This practice includes procedures for conversion of results to color spaces that are part of the CIE system, such as CIELAB and CIELUV (3). Equations for calculating color differences in these and other systems are given in Practice D 2244. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

ASTM E809-08(2013) 测量后向反射器光度特性的标准实施规程

5.1 This practice describes procedures used to measure photometric quantities that relate to the visual perception of retroreflected light. The most significant usage is in the relation to the nighttime vehicle headlamp, retroreflector, and driver's eye geometry. For this reason the CIE Standard Source A is used to represent a tungsten vehicle headlamp and the receptor has the photopic, V (??), spectral responsivity corresponding to the light adapted human eye. Although the geometry must be specified by the user, it will, in general, correspond to the relation between the vehicle headlamp, the retroreflector, and the vehicle driver's eye position. 1.1 This practice describes the general procedures for instrumental measurement of the photometric characteristics of retroreflective materials and retroreflective devices. 1.2 This practice is a comprehensive guide to the photometry of retroreflectors but does not include geometric terms that are described in Practice E808. 1.3 This practice describes the parameters that are required when stating photometric measurements in specific tests and specifications for retroreflectors. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of Retroreflectors

ASTM E2214-08 指定和验证色彩测量仪器性能的标准实践

In today''s commerce, instrument makers and instrument users must deal with a large array of bench-top and portable color-measuring instruments, many with different geometric and spectral characteristics. At the same time, manufacturers of colored goods are adopting quality management systems that require periodic verification of the performance of the instruments that are critical to the quality of the final product. The technology involved in optics and electro-optics has progressed greatly over the last decade. The result has been a generation of instruments that are both more affordable and higher in performance. What had been a tool for the research laboratory is now available to the retail point of sale, to manufacturing, to design and to corporate communications. New documentary standards have been published that encourage the use of colorimeters, spectrocolorimeters, and colorimetric spetrometers in applications previously dominated by visual expertise or by filter densitometers. Therefore, it is necessary to determine if an instrument is suitable to the application and to verify that an instrument or instruments are working within the required operating parameters. This practice provides descriptions of some common instrumental parameters that relate to the way an instrument will contribute to the quality and consistency of the production of colored goods. It also describes some of the material standards required to assess the performance of a color-measuring instrument and suggests some tests and test reports to aid in verifying the performance of the instrument relative to its intended application.

Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments

ASTM F1252-08 测量透明材料光反射率的试验方法

Reflections from aircraft transparencies of instrument lights and other cockpit objects have been a concern to many pilots. Attempts to reduce these reflections have been hampered by the lack of a repeatable measurement method and variances in reflection measuring instrumentation. The problem with measuring instrumentation is that different brands will often give significant value differences using the same specimen surface. This test method reduces the instrument variations by standardizing the light source, calculation method, and area of specimen surface being measured; a brand of instrumentation is not specified. Since the reflectivity is defined as the ratio of two luminance measurements and does not depend on an absolute measurement, dependence upon the accuracy of the measuring instrument is reduced. The test method may be used to objectively compare the reflection characteristics of various transparent materials. Furthermore, the test method may be used to evaluate reflections of a specified spectral source by using that source in place of the standard light source. Provisions are made to check for polarization effects of the sample and to record the reflectivity of a standard specimen. These provisions are offered as an option to the tester; it is up to the user or the requiring agency to determine the significance and use of these data. Since the reflections are measured photopically, the results are representative of what the pilot would visually perceive.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the reflectivity of transparent materials, hereafter known as specimens. The results are repeatable without specifying a particular brand name of instrumentation. 1.2 This test method applies to substantially flat parts. Errors in measurement can occur if the parts being measured are not substantially flat. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Reflectivity of Transparent Materials

ASTM D2244-07e1 用于计算彩色公差和色差与仪器测量颜色坐标的标准实践

The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens. For uniformity of practice, the CIE recommended in 1976 the use of two color metrics. The CIELAB metric, with its associated color-difference equation, has found wide acceptance in the coatings, plastics, textiles and related industries. While the CIELAB equation has not completely replaced the use of Hunter LH, aH, bH, this older scale is no longer recommended for other than legacy users, and is therefore included in an Appendix for historical purposes. The CIELAB color-difference equation is also not recommended in this practice for use in describing small and moderate color differences (differences with magnitude less than 5.0 Δ E*ab units). The four more recently defined equations, documented here, are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference. Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lightness, and saturation obtained by using Practice D 1729. The three tolerance equations given here have been tested extensively against such data for textiles and plastics and have been shown to agree with the visual evaluations to within the experimental uncertainty of the visual judgments. That implies that the equations themselves misclassify a color difference with a frequency no greater than that of the most experienced visual color matcher. While color difference equations and color tolerance equations are routinely applied to a wide range of illuminants, they have been derived or optimized, or both, for use under daylight illumination. Good correlation with the visual judgments may not be obtained when the calculations are made with other illuminants. Use of a tolerance equation for other than daylight conditions will require visual confirmation of the level of metamerism in accordance with Practice D 4086.1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based ......

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E1164-07 用光谱测得的数据评定物体颜色的标准实施规程

The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E 308. This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted.1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color.This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation

ASTM C1650-07 涂覆和非涂覆平面玻璃颜色的仪器反射系数测量用标准实施规程

Color measurement quantifies the coating color for glass and is often related to coating thickness and composition as well as tinting used in the substrate glass. The user of this document defines an acceptable range of color appropriate for the end use. Typical quality concerns for the reflected color measurement of coated glass products are an indication of consistency in the coating process and verification of lot-to-lot color consistency for end-user acceptance. If the reflected color of a glass product is consistent from lot-to-lot and within agreed supplier-buyer acceptance criteria, that product color is expected to be consistent and acceptable for end-use.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for the instrumental reflectance measurement of the color of flat, coated and uncoated glass. See Terminology E 284.1.2 The practice specifically excludes fluorescent and iridescent samples.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Instrumental Reflectance Measurement of Color for Flat Glass, Coated, and Uncoated

ASTM D2244-07 仪器测量颜色坐标中允许色差和色差的计算用标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D 4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1), CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99 color difference formula given in DIN 6176 (4), or the new CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E259-06 半球状和二维几何形状压制粉末白色反射系数转换标准的准备用标准实施规范

All commercial reflectometers measure relative reflectance. The instrument reading is the reflectance factor, the ratio of the light reflected by a reference specimen to that reflected by a test specimen. That ratio is dependent on specific instrument parameters. National standardizing laboratories and some research laboratories measure reflectance on instruments calibrated from basic principles, thereby establishing a scale of absolute reflectance as described in CIE Publication No. 44 (2). These measurements are sufficiently difficult that they are usually left to laboratories that specialize in them. A standard that has been measured on an absolute scale could be used to transfer that scale to a reflectometer. While such procedures exist, the constraints placed on the mechanical properties restrict the suitability of some optical properties, especially those properties related to the geometric distribution of the reflected light. Thus, reflectance factor standards which are sufficiently rugged and able to be cleaned, depart considerably from the perfect diffuser in the geometric distribution of reflected radiance. The geometric distribution of reflected radiance from a pressed powder plaque is sufficiently diffuse to provide a dependable calibration of a directional-hemispherical reflectometer. Although pressed powder standards are subject to contamination and breakage, the directional-hemispherical reflectance factor of pressed powder standards can be sufficiently reproducible from specimen to specimen made from a given lot of powder, so as to allow one to assign absolute reflectance factor values to all the powder in a lot. This practice describes how to prepare white reflectance factor standards from a powder in a manner that allows a standardizing laboratory to assign the absolute scale of reflectance to the plaque.1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing pressed powder transfer standards. These standards can be used in the near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Procedures for calibrating the reflectance factor of materials on an absolute basis are contained in CIE Publication No. 44 (). Pressed powder standards are used as transfer standards for such calibrations because they have a high reflectance factor that is nearly constant with wavelength, and because the geometric distribution of reflected flux resembles that from the perfect reflecting diffuser.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries

ASTM E1918-06 现场测量水平和低斜表面太阳反射性的标准试验方法

Solar reflectance is an important factor affecting surface and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low solar reflectance (typically 30 % or lower), absorb a high fraction of the incoming solar energy which is either conducted into buildings or convected to air (leading to higher air temperatures). Use of materials with high solar reflectance may result in lower air-conditioning energy use and cooler cities and communities. The test method described here measures the solar reflectance of surfaces in the field.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solar reflectance of various horizontal and low-sloped surfaces and materials in the field, using a pyranometer. The test method is intended for use when the sun angle to the normal from a surface is less than 45.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field

ASTM E1341-06 从比色法用从辐射源中获取辐射分光数据

The fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of radiant sources is by the use of spectroradiometric measurements. These measurements are used by summation together with numerical values representing the CIE 1931 Standard Observer (CIE Publication 15:2004) and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function, with a value of 683 lm/W. This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of spectroradiometers used for providing the desired precision spectroradiometric data, for their calibration, and for the physical standards required for calibration. Special requirements for characterizing sources of light possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the procedures of Practice E 308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources. 1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, object, or material.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectroradiometric Data from Radiant Sources for Colorimetry

ASTM E991-06 用单光仪法彩色测量荧光样本的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measurement of fluorescent specimens excited by near ultraviolet and visible radiation that results in fluorescent emission within the visible range. It is not intended for other types of photoluminescent materials such as phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, or electroluminescent, nor is this practice intended for the measurement of the fluorescent properties for chemical analysis.1.2 This practice describes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed for the color measurement of fluorescent specimens when illuminated by simulated daylight approximating CIE Standard Illuminant D65 (CIE D65).1.3 This practice is limited in scope to colorimetric spectrometers providing continuous broadband polychromatic illumination of the specimen and employing only a viewing monochromator for analyzing the radiation leaving the specimen.1.4 This practice can be used for calculating total tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent colors in the CIE Color System for either the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer or the CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator Method

ASTM E1349-06(2013) 用双向 (45度, 0度; 或者0度, 45度) 几何形状的分光光度法测量反射系数和颜色的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry. 1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss. 1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45deg;:0deg; or 0deg;:45deg;) Geometry