17.180.20 (Colours and measurement of light) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1918-06 现场测量水平和低斜表面太阳反射性的标准试验方法

Solar reflectance is an important factor affecting surface and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low solar reflectance (typically 30 % or lower), absorb a high fraction of the incoming solar energy which is either conducted into buildings or convected to air (leading to higher air temperatures). Use of materials with high solar reflectance may result in lower air-conditioning energy use and cooler cities and communities. The test method described here measures the solar reflectance of surfaces in the field.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solar reflectance of various horizontal and low-sloped surfaces and materials in the field, using a pyranometer. The test method is intended for use when the sun angle to the normal from a surface is less than 45.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field

ASTM E805-06 材料的颜色或色差用测量仪器法识别的标准实施规范

The options available in methods for the measurement of color or color-difference are many. These involve choices in: (1) specimens, (2) geometric and spectral properties of instruments, (3) calibration bases for standards used, (4) procedure for sample handling including conditioning, (5) procedure for taking data, and (6) equations for converting instrumental data to final results. Once the measurements have been made, it is essential to document what has been done for the purpose of interlaboratory comparisons, or for future use. A sample form is provided in Fig. 1 to record identifying information applicable to any instrumental method of color or color-difference measurement. Refer to Guide E 179, Practices E 991, E 1164, E 1345, E 1708, E 1767, E 2152, and E 2194 and Test Methods D 5386, D 6166, E 1247, E 1331, E 1347, E 1348, and E 1349, for specific details of measurements.1.1 This practice covers the documentation of instrumental measurement of color or color difference for current communication or for future reference. The practice is applicable to instrumental measurements of materials where color is seen by reflected, transmitted or emitted light and any combinations of one or more of these processes. The practice is recommended for documentation of methodology in interlaboratory color-measurement programs.1.2 An adequate identification of an instrumental measure of color or color-difference consists of five parts:1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the form of specimens actually measured,1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, including instrument geometrical and spectral conditions of measurement, 1.2.3 Standards used,1.2.4 Data acquisition procedure, and1.2.5 Color scales employed.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials

ASTM E259-06 半球状和二维几何形状压制粉末白色反射系数转换标准的准备用标准实施规范

All commercial reflectometers measure relative reflectance. The instrument reading is the reflectance factor, the ratio of the light reflected by a reference specimen to that reflected by a test specimen. That ratio is dependent on specific instrument parameters. National standardizing laboratories and some research laboratories measure reflectance on instruments calibrated from basic principles, thereby establishing a scale of absolute reflectance as described in CIE Publication No. 44 (2). These measurements are sufficiently difficult that they are usually left to laboratories that specialize in them. A standard that has been measured on an absolute scale could be used to transfer that scale to a reflectometer. While such procedures exist, the constraints placed on the mechanical properties restrict the suitability of some optical properties, especially those properties related to the geometric distribution of the reflected light. Thus, reflectance factor standards which are sufficiently rugged and able to be cleaned, depart considerably from the perfect diffuser in the geometric distribution of reflected radiance. The geometric distribution of reflected radiance from a pressed powder plaque is sufficiently diffuse to provide a dependable calibration of a directional-hemispherical reflectometer. Although pressed powder standards are subject to contamination and breakage, the directional-hemispherical reflectance factor of pressed powder standards can be sufficiently reproducible from specimen to specimen made from a given lot of powder, so as to allow one to assign absolute reflectance factor values to all the powder in a lot. This practice describes how to prepare white reflectance factor standards from a powder in a manner that allows a standardizing laboratory to assign the absolute scale of reflectance to the plaque.1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing pressed powder transfer standards. These standards can be used in the near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Procedures for calibrating the reflectance factor of materials on an absolute basis are contained in CIE Publication No. 44 (). Pressed powder standards are used as transfer standards for such calibrations because they have a high reflectance factor that is nearly constant with wavelength, and because the geometric distribution of reflected flux resembles that from the perfect reflecting diffuser.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries

ASTM G130-06 使用光谱辐射计校准窄带和宽带紫外辐射计的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the calibration of ultraviolet light-measuring radiometers possessing either narrow- or broad-band spectral response distributions using either a scanning or a linear-diode-array spectroradiometer as the primary reference instrument. For transfer of calibration from radiometers calibrated by this test method to other instruments, Test Method E 824 should be used. Note 1 Special precautions must be taken when a diode-array spectroradiometer is employed in the calibration of filter radiometers having spectral response distributions below 320-nm wavelength. Such precautions are described in detail in subsequent sections of this test method.1.2 This test method is limited to calibrations of radiometers against light sources that the radiometers will be used to measure during field use. Note 2 For example, an ultraviolet radiometer calibrated against natural sunlight cannot be employed to measure the total ultraviolet irradiance of a fluorescent ultraviolet lamp.1.3 Calibrations performed using this test method may be against natural sunlight, Xenon-arc burners, metal halide burners, tungsten and tungsten-halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps, etc.1.4 Radiometers that may be calibrated by this test method include narrow-, broad-, and wide-band ultraviolet radiometers, and narrow-, broad, and wide-band visible-region-only radiometers, or radiometers having wavelength response distributions that fall into both the ultraviolet and visible regions. Note 3 For purposes of this test method, narrow-band radiometers are those with 20 nm, broad-band radiometers are those with 20 nm 70 nm, and wide-band radiometers are those with 70 nm.Note 4For purposes of this test method, the ultraviolet region is defined as the region from 285 to 400-nm wavelength, and the visible region is defined as the region from 400 to 750-nm wavelength. The ultraviolet region is further defined as being either UV-A with radiation of wavelengths from 315 to 400 nm, or UV-B with radiation from 285 to 315-nm wavelength.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a Spectroradiometer

ASTM F2469-05 用双重曝光法测量透明部件的光学角偏差的标准试验方法

The optical angular deviation of transparent parts, such as aircraft windshields, canopies, cabin windows, and visors, can be measured using these methods. Angular deviation in a windscreen or visor can cause objects to appear at a location different from where they actually are. Variations in angular deviation can be used to characterize distortion and magnification in transparent parts. Also, angular deviation measurements made from the typical right and left eye positions for a windscreen or other transparent medium can be used to determine binocular disparity differences (see Test Method F 1181).1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the optical angular deviation of a light ray imposed by transparent parts such as a commercial or military aircraft windshield, canopy or cabin window.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Angular Deviation of Transparent Parts Using the Double-Exposure Method

ASTM E313-05 计算仪器测量颜色坐标的白色和黄色指数的标准实施规程

This practice should be used only to compare specimens of the same material and same general appearance. For example, a series of specimens to be compared should have generally similar gloss, texture, and (if not opaque) thickness, and translucency. For yellowness measurement, this practice is limited to specimens having dominant wavelength in the range 570 to 580 nm, or Munsell hue approximately 2.5GY to 2.5 Y. For whiteness measurement, this practice is limited to specimens having Munsell value greater than 8.3 (CIE Y greater than 65) and Munsell chroma no greater than 0.5 for B hues, 0.8 for Y hues, and 0.3 for all other hues (see 3.3.1). The combination of measurement and calculation leading to indices of yellowness or whiteness is a psychophysical process, that is, the procedures specified are designed to provide numbers correlating with visual estimates made under specified typical observing conditions. Because visual observing conditions can vary widely, users should compare calculated indices with visual estimates to ensure applicability. Some standards addressing the visual estimation of color and color difference are Practices D 1535, D 1729, E 1360, and E 1541, and Guide E 1499. This practice does not cover the preparation of specimens, a procedure that may affect significantly the quantities measured. In general, specimens should be prepared and presented for measurement in the manner that is standard for the test being performed. Select enough specimens or specimen areas to provide an average result that is representative of each sample to be tested. See Practice E 1345.1.1 This practice provides numbers that correlate with visual ratings of yellowness or whiteness of white and near-white or colorless object-color specimens, viewed in daylight by an observer with normal color vision. White textiles, paints, and plastics are a few of the materials that can be described by the indices of yellowness or whiteness calculated by this practice.1.2 For a complete analysis of object colors, by a specified observer and under a specified illuminant, use of three parameters is required. For near-white specimens, however, it is often useful to calculate single-number scales of yellowness or whiteness. This practice provides recommended equations for such scales and discusses their derivations and uses, and limits to their applicability (see also Ref ()).1.3 solely-SI-units;This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E1360-05 用美国光学学会均匀色标系统规定颜色的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision.1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of specimens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunction with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall be established.

Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System

ASTM E1360-05(2015) 用美国光学学会统一色标系统规定颜色的标准实施规程

5.1 Notational systems that specify and identify colors have proved to be very useful. This practice describes how to assign an OSA-UCS notation to a color specimen. This notation gives its position within the color space determined by the Optical Society of America Committee on Uniform Color Scales to represent the closest possible approximation to a color space in which equal distances equate to equal visually perceived differences. The cuboctahedral sampling fills the color space with a more closely spaced set of samples than would a cubic lattice or samples placed on polar coordinates. 1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. 1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of specimens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunction with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall be established.

Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System

ASTM D1544-04 透明液体颜色的标准试验方法(加德纳色标)

This test method applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards.1.2 Users of this method should have normal color vision.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Color of Transparent Liquids (Gardner Color Scale)

ASTM E2297-04 液体渗透和磁粉法中使用的UV-A和可视光源和仪表的使用的标准指南

UV-A and Visible light sources are used to provide adequate light levels for liquid penetrant and magnetic particle examination. Light meters are used to verify that specified light levels are available. Fluorescence is produced by irradiating the fluorescent dyes/pigments nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;with UV-A radiation. The fluorescent dyes/pigments absorb the energy from the UV-A radiation and re-emit light energy in the visible spectrum. This energy transfer allows fluorescence to be observed by the human eye. High Intensity UV-A light sources produce light intensity greater than 10,000 µW/cm2 at 38.1 cm [15 in.].1.1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light sources and meters used for the examination of materials by the liquid penetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light intensities and light measurement.1.2 This guide also provides a reference:1.2.1 To assist in the selection of light sources and meters that meet the applicable specifications or standards.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of internal documentation dealing with liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination of materials and parts.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods

ASTM E1331-04 用半球体几何形状的分光光度法测量反射系数和颜色的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

ASTM E2194-03 金属片状加色剂材料的多角度颜色测量标准实施规程

Instrumental Measurement Angles8212;This practice is designed to provide color data at specific measurement angles that can be utilized for quality control, color matching, and formulating in the characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. Materials8212;This practice provides meaningful color information for metal flake pigmented materials, but has not been evaluated for use with pearlescent materials or other gonioapparent materials. This practice has been tested and verified on paint and coatings, and the same principles should apply to plastics containing metallic flake. Utilization8212;This practice is appropriate for measurement and characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. These data may be used for quality control, incoming inspection, or color correction purposes. Specimen Requirements8212;Even though a pair of specimens have the same color values at three angles, if there are differences in gloss, orange peel, texture, or flake orientation, they may not be a visual match. Note 28212;Information presented in this practice is based upon data taken on metallic materials coatings. Applicability of this practice to other materials should be confirmed by the user.1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters needed to make precise instrumental measurements of the colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to encompass gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coatings, paints, plastics, and inks.1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The optical characteristics of materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice. The measurement of materials containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen.Note 18212;Data taken by utilizing this practice are for appearance quality control purposes. This procedure may not necessarily supply appropriate data for pigment identification.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials

ASTM E810-03 利用共面几何学测试反光板反射系数的标准试验方法

Measurements made by this test method are related to visual observations of retroreflective sheeting as seen by the human eye when illuminated by tungsten-filament light sources such as a motor vehicle headlamp. The values determined relate to the visual effects for a given geometric configuration as specified by the user of the test method. This test method has been found useful for tests at observation angles between 0.1 and 2.0° (observation angles between 0.1° and 0.2° may be achieved by careful design of source and receiver aperture configuration), and at entrance angles up to 60°. It has been used to determine coefficient of retroreflection values as low as 0.1 cd·lx−1· m−2, but for values less than 1 cd·lx−1· m−2 special attention must be given to the responsivity of the receiver and to the elimination of very small amounts of stray light.1.1 This test method describes the instrument measurement of the retroreflective performance of retroreflective sheeting. 1.2 The user of this test method must specify the entrance and observation angles to be used. 1.3 This test method is intended as a laboratory test and requires a facility that can be darkened sufficiently so that stray light does not affect the test results. 1.4 Portable and bench retroreflection measuring equipment may be used to determine RA values provided the geometry and appropriate substitutional standard reference panels, measured in accordance with this test method, are utilized. In this case the methods of Procedure B in Practice E809 apply. Additional information on the use of portable retroreflectometers may be found in Test Method E 1709. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar Geometry

ASTM G177-03(2012) 参考太阳紫外线光谱分布的标准表: 37度斜面上半球状

5. Significance and UseTop Bottom 5.1 This standard does not purport to address the mean level of solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance to which materials will be subjected during their useful life. The spectral irradiance distributions have been chosen to represent a reasonable upper limit for natural solar ultraviolet radiation that ought to be considered when evaluating the behavior of materials under various exposure conditions. 5.2 Absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of solar energy are important factors in material degradation studies. These properties are normally functions of wavelength, which require that the spectral distribution of the solar flux be known before the solar-weighted property can be calculated. 5.3 The interpretation of the behavior of materials exposed to either natural solar radiation or ultraviolet radiation from artificial light sources requires an understanding of the spectral energy distribution employed. To compare the relative performance of competitive products, or to compare the performance of products before and after being subjected to weathering or other exposure conditions, a reference standard solar spectral distribution is desirable. 5.4 A plot of the SMARTS2 model output for the reference hemispherical UV radiation on a 37?? south facing tilted surface is shown in Fig. 1. The input needed by SMARTS2 to generate the spectrum for the prescribed conditions are shown in Table 1. FIG. 1 Total Hemispherical Ultraviolet Reference Spectra Based on SMARTS2 Runs for AM1.05 UV Spectral Profile (a) Linear Scale; (b) Logarithmic ScaleTABLE 1 SMARTS Version 2.9.2 Input File to Generate the Reference Spectra Card ID Value Parameter/Description/Variable Name 1 'A......

Standard Tables for Reference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions: Hemispherical on 37deg; Tilted Surface

ASTM E810-03(2013) 利用共面几何学测试反光板反射系数的标准试验方法

5.1 Measurements made by this test method are related to visual observations of retroreflective sheeting as seen by the human eye when illuminated by tungsten-filament light sources such as a motor vehicle headlamp. 5.2 The values determined relate to the visual effects for a given geometric configuration as specified by the user of the test method. This test method has been found useful for tests at observation angles between 0.1 and 2.0?? (observation angles between 0.1?? and 0.2?? may be achieved by careful design of source and receiver aperture configuration), and at entrance angles up to 60??. It has been used to determine coefficient of retroreflection values as low as 0.1 cd??lx???1 ?? m???2, but for values less than 1 cd??lx???1 ?? m???2 special attention must be given to the responsivity of the receiver and to the elimination of very small amounts of stray light. 1.1 This test method describes an instrument measurement of the retroreflective performance of retroreflective sheeting. 1.2 The user of this test method must specify the entrance and observation angles to be used, and may specify the rotation angles. 1.3 This test method is intended as a laboratory test and requires a facility that can be darkened sufficiently so that stray light does not affect the test results. The testing apparatus must be able to achieve the coplanar geometry. 1.4 Portable and bench retroreflection measuring equipment may be used to determine RA values provided the geometry and appropriate substitution standard reference panels, measured in accordance with this test method, are utilized. In this case the methods of Procedure B in Practice E809 apply. Additional information on the use of portable retroreflectometers may be found in Test Method E1709. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar Geometry

ASTM E810-03(2008) 利用共面几何学测试反光板反射系数的标准试验方法

Measurements made by this test method are related to visual observations of retroreflective sheeting as seen by the human eye when illuminated by tungsten-filament light sources such as a motor vehicle headlamp. The values determined relate to the visual effects for a given geometric configuration as specified by the user of the test method. This test method has been found useful for tests at observation angles between 0.1 and 2.0° (observation angles between 0.1° and 0.2° may be achieved by careful design of source and receiver aperture configuration), and at entrance angles up to 60°. It has been used to determine coefficient of retroreflection values as low as 0.1 cd·lx−1· m−2, but for values less than 1 cd·lx−1· m−2 special attention must be given to the responsivity of the receiver and to the elimination of very small amounts of stray light.1.1 This test method describes an instrument measurement of the retroreflective performance of retroreflective sheeting. 1.2 The user of this test method must specify the entrance and observation angles to be used, and may specify the rotation angles. 1.3 This test method is intended as a laboratory test and requires a facility that can be darkened sufficiently so that stray light does not affect the test results. The testing apparatus must be able to achieve the coplanar geometry. 1.4 Portable and bench retroreflection measuring equipment may be used to determine RA values provided the geometry and appropriate substitution standard reference panels, measured in accordance with this test method, are utilized. In this case the methods of Procedure B in Practice E 809 apply. Additional information on the use of portable retroreflectometers may be found in Test Method E 1709. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar Geometry

ASTM G177-03(2008)e1 太阳紫外线光谱分布参考标准表:37度倾斜表面上的半球形分布

This standard does not purport to address the mean level of solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance to which materials will be subjected during their useful life. The spectral irradiance distributions have been chosen to represent a reasonable upper limit for natural solar ultraviolet radiation that ought to be considered when evaluating the behavior of materials under various exposure conditions. Absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of solar energy are important factors in material degradation studies. These properties are normally functions of wavelength, which require that the spectral distribution of the solar flux be known before the solar-weighted property can be calculated. The interpretation of the behavior of materials exposed to either natural solar radiation or ultraviolet radiation from artificial light sources requires an understanding of the spectral energy distribution employed. To compare the relative performance of competitive products, or to compare the performance of products before and after being subjected to weathering or other exposure conditions, a reference standard solar spectral distribution is desirable. A plot of the SMARTS2 model output for the reference hemispherical UV radiation on a 37° south facing tilted surface is shown in Fig. 1. The input needed by SMARTS2 to generate the spectrum for the prescribed conditions are shown in Table 2. SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 is required to generate AM 1.05 UV reference spectra. The availability of the adjunct standard computer software (ADJG0173CD ) for SMARTS2 allows one to (1) reproduce the reference spectra, using the above input parameters; (2) compute test spectra to attempt to match measured data at a specified FWHM, and evaluate atmospheric conditions; and (3) compute test spectra representing specific conditions for analysis vis-?/span>-vis any one or all of the reference spectra.1.1 The table provides a standard ultraviolet spectral irradiance distribution that maybe employed as a guide against which manufactured ultraviolet light sources may be judged when applied to indoor exposure testing. The table provides a reference for comparison with natural sunlight ultraviolet spectral data. The ultraviolet reference spectral irradiance is providded for the wavelength range from 280 to 400 nm. The wavelength region selected is comprised of the UV-A spectral region from 320 to 400 nm and the UV-B region from 280 to 320 nm. 1.2 The table defines a single ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance distribution: 1.2.1 Total hemispherical ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance (consisting of combined direct and diffuse components) incident on a sun-facing, 37° tilted surface in the wavelength region from 280 to 400 nm for air mass 1.05, at an elevation of 2 km (2000 m) above sea level for the United States Standard Atmosphere profile for 1976 (USSA 1976), excepting for the ozone content which is specified as 0.30 atmosphere-centimeters (atm-cm) equivalent thichkness. 1.3 The data contained in these tables were generated using the SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 atmospheric transmission model developed by Gueymard (1,2). 1.4 The climatic, atmospheric and geometric parameters selected reflect the conditions to provide a realistic maximum ultraviolet exposure under representative clear sky conditions. 1.5 The availability of the SMARTS2 model (as an adjunct (ADJG0173CD )to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative to the spectra specified here.

Standard Tables for Reference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions: Hemispherical on 37x00B0; Tilted Surface

ASTM G177-03e1 太阳紫外线光谱分布参考标准表:37度倾斜表面上的半球形分布

1.1 The table provides a standard ultraviolet spectral irradiance distribution that maybe employed as a guide against which manufactured ultraviolet light sources may be judged when applied to indoor exposure testing. The table provides a reference for comparison with natural sunlight ultraviolet spectral data. The ultraviolet reference spectral irradiance is providded for the wavelength range from 280 to 400 nm. The wavelength region selected is comprised of the UV-A spectral region from 320 to 400 nm and the UV-B region from 280 to 320 nm.1.2 The table defines a single ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance distribution:1.2.1 Total hemispherical ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance (consisting of combined direct and diffuse components) incident on a sun-facing, 37 tilted surface in the wavelength region from 280 to 400 nm for air mass 1.05, at an elevation of 2 km (2000 m) above sea level for the United States Standard Atmosphere profile for 1976 (USSA 1976), excepting for the ozone content which is specified as 0.30 atmosphere-centimeters (atm-cm) equivalent thichkness.1.3 The data contained in these tables were generated using the SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 atmospheric transmission model developed by Gueymard (1,2).1.4 The climatic, atmospheric and geometric parameters selected reflect the conditions to provide a realistic maximum ultraviolet exposure under representative clear sky conditions.1.5 The availability of the SMARTS2 model (as an adjunct to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative to the spectra specified here.

Standard Tables for Reference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions: Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface

ASTM G177-03 太阳紫外线光谱分布参考标准表:37度倾斜表面上的半球形分布

1.1 The table provides a standard ultraviolet spectral irradiance distribution that maybe employed as a guide against which manufactured ultraviolet light sources may be judged when applied to indoor exposure testing. The table provides a reference for comparison with natural sunlight ultraviolet spectral data. The ultraviolet reference spectral irradiance is providded for the wavelength range from 280 to 400 nm. The wavelength region selected is comprised of the UV-A spectral region from 320 to 400 nm and the UV-B region from 280 to 320 nm.1.2 The table defines a single ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance distribution:1.2.1 Total hemispherical ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance (consisting of combined direct and diffuse components) incident on a sun-facing, 37 tilted surface in the wavelength region from 280 to 400 nm for air mass 1.05, at an elevation of 2 km (2000 m) above sea level for the United States Standard Atmosphere profile for 1976 (USSA 1976), excepting for the ozone content which is specified as 0.30 atmosphere-centimeters (atm-cm) equivalent thichkness.1.3 The data contained in these tables were generated using the SMARTS2 Version 2.9.2 atmospheric transmission model developed by Gueymard (1,2).1.4 The climatic, atmospheric and geometric parameters selected reflect the conditions to provide a realistic maximum ultraviolet exposure under representative clear sky conditions.1.5 The availability of the SMARTS2 model (as an adjunct to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative to the spectra specified here.

Standard Tables for Reference Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions: Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface

ASTM E1348-02(2007) 用半球体几何形状的分光光度法测量透明度和颜色的测试方法

The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system. This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens (see also Guide E 179 and Practice E 805): 5.2.1 Fully transparent specimens (free from turbidity, haze, or translucency), and 5.2.2 Translucent or hazy specimens, provided that the specimen can be placed flush against the transmission port of the integrating sphere. This test method is not recommended for measurement of transparent or translucent retroreflective or fluorescent specimens.1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry