17.180.20 (Colours and measurement of light) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1348-02 用半球体几何形状的分光光度法测量透明度和颜色的测试方法

1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

ASTM E809-02 测量反光境的光度特性的标准实施规程

This practice describes procedures used to measure photometric quantities that relate to the visual perception of retroreflected light. The most significant usage is in the relation to the nighttime vehicle headlamp, retroreflector, and driverrsquo;eye geometry. For this reason the CIE Standard Source A is used to represent a tungsten vehicle headlamp and the receptor has the photopic, V (λ), spectral responsivity corresponding to the light adapted human eye. Although the geometry must be specified by the user, it will, in general, correspond to the relation between the vehicle headlamp, the retroreflector, and the vehicle driverrsquo;eye position. 1.1 This practice describes the general procedures for instrumental measurement of the photometric characteristics of retroreflective materials and retroreflective devices.1.2 This practice is a comprehensive guide to the photometry of retroreflectors but does not include geometric terms that are described in Practice E 808.1.3 This practice describes the parameters that are required when stating photometric measurements in specific tests and specifications for retroreflectors.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of Retroreflectors

ASTM E2214-02 说明和鉴定颜色测定仪性能的标准实施规程

In todayrsquo;commerce, instrument makers and instrument users must deal with a large array of bench-top and portable color-measuring instruments, many with different geometric and spectral characteristics. At the same time, manufacturers of colored goods are adopting quality management systems that require periodic verification of the performance of the instruments that are critical to the quality of the final product. The technology involved in optics and electro-optics has progressed greatly over the last decade. The result has been a generation of instruments that are both more affordable and higher in performance. What had been a tool for the research laboratory is now available to the retail point of sale, to manufacturing, to design and to corporate communications. New documentary standards have been published that encourage the use of colorimeters, spectrocolorimeters, and colorimetric spetrometers in applications previously dominated by visual expertise or by filter densitometers.8 Therefore, it is necessary to determine if an instrument is suitable to the application and to verify that an instrument or instruments are working within the required operating parameters. This practice provides descriptions of some common instrumental parameters that relate to the way an instrument will contribute to the quality and consistency of the production of colored goods. It also describes some of the material standards required to assess the performance of a color-measuring instrument and suggests some tests and test reports to aid in verifying the performance of the instrument relative to its intended application.1.1 This practice provides standard terms and procedures for describing and characterizing the performance of spectral and filter based instruments designed to measure and compute the colorimetric properties of materials and objects. It does not set the specifications but rather gives the format and process by which specifications can be determined, communicated and verified.1.2 This practice does not describe methods that are generally applicable to visible-range spectroscopic instruments used for analytical chemistry (UV-VIS spectrophotometers). ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and Chromatography includes such procedures in standards under their jurisdiction.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments

ASTM D2244-02 从仪器测定颜色一致性的方法计算色偏差和色公差的标准规范

1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D 4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1), CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99 color difference formula given in DIN 6176 (4), or the new CIEDE2000 color difference units (5). The color differences based on Hunter LH, aH, bH opponent-color space (6), or the Friele-MacAdam-Chickering (FMC-2) color space (7), are no longer recommended for industrial practice.1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E805-01a 材料的颜色和色差的测量仪器法识别标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the documentation of instrumental measurement of color or color difference for current communication or for future reference. The practice is applicable to instrumental measurements of materials where color is seen by reflected, transmitted or emitted light and any combinations of one or more of these processes. The practice is recommended for documentation of methodology in interlaboratory color-measurement programs.1.2 An adequate identification of an instrumental measure of color or color-difference consists of five parts:1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the form of specimens actually measured,1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, including instrument geometrical and spectral conditions of measurement, 1.2.3 Standards used,1.2.4 Data acquisition procedure, and1.2.5 Color scales employed.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials

ASTM E810-01 利用共面几何学测试反光板反射系数的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes the instrument measurement of the retroreflective performance of retroreflective sheeting. 1.2 The user of this test method must specify the entrance and observation angles to be used. 1.3 This test method is intended as a laboratory test and requires a facility that can be darkened sufficiently so that stray light does not affect the test results. 1.4 Portable and bench retroreflection measuring equipment may be used to determine RA values provided the geometry and appropriate substitutional standard reference panels, measured in accordance with this test method, are utilized. In this case the methods of Procedure B in Practice E809 apply. Additional information on the use of portable retroreflectometers may be found in Test Method E 1709. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar Geometry

ASTM E808-01 向后反射性描述标准实施规范

1.1 This practice provides terminology, alternative geometrical coordinate systems, and procedures for designating angles in descriptions of retroreflectors, specifications for retroreflector performance, and measurements of retroreflection.1.2 Terminology defined herein includes terms germane to other ASTM documents on retroreflection.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Describing Retroreflection

ASTM E805-01 材料的颜色和色差的测量仪器法识别标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the documentation of instrumental measurement of color or color difference for current communication or for future reference. The practice is applicable to instrumental measurements of materials where color is seen by reflected, transmitted or emitted light and any combinations of one or more of these processes. The practice is recommended for documentation of methodology in interlaboratory color-measurement programs.1.2 An adequate identification of an instrumental measure of color or color-difference consists of five parts:1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the form of specimens actually measured,1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, including instrument geometrical and spectral conditions of measurement, 1.2.3 Standards used,1.2.4 Data acquisition procedure, and1.2.5 Color scales employed.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials

ASTM E808-01(2009) 向后反射性描述的标准实施规程

This practice applies to any measurement of reflectance in which the angle at the sample between the direction of the incident radiation and the direction of viewing is less than approximately 10°, and the reflected radiation is concentrated in a direction opposite to the direction of incidence. The CIE (goniometer) system described in 6.1.1 was developed by the Subcommittee on Retroreflection of Committee 2.3 on Materials of the International Commission on Illumination (Commission International de l''Eclairage, CIE). It is intended to provide a common basis for the measurement of retroreflection, which should be used worldwide. This practice provides alternative geometric coordinate systems useful for visualizing relationships between various angles in actual use.1.1 This practice provides terminology, alternative geometrical coordinate systems, and procedures for designating angles in descriptions of retroreflectors, specifications for retroreflector performance, and measurements of retroreflection. 1.2 Terminology defined herein includes terms germane to other ASTM documents on retroreflection. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Describing Retroreflection

ASTM E1501-99e1 能见度增强的行人用反光标志的夜间光学性能标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the performance of retroreflective markings to be used on objects worn by pedestrians for the purpose of enhanced conspicuity. It addresses conspicuity from viewpoints around the entire object, and it allows for freedom of design of the markings so long as the minimum requirements are achieved. Objects include but are not limited to jackets, shirts, vests, trousers, socks, backpacks, hats, and footwear. An adjustment for the brightness/luminance ratio as a function of color is also made. 1.2 This specification applies only to nighttime viewing conditions in which the observer is positioned near a source of illumination. The most common example is that of a motor vehicle operator seeing by means of the light from the headlamps of the vehicle. 1.3 This specification describes the minimum retroreflective performance required for a reasonable level of nighttime conspicuity. It does not address potentially diminished performance of retroreflective markings that may be experienced with general storage, use, wear, and care. 1.4 SI (metric) units shall be used in referee decisions under this specification. 1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to specifying materials by this standard specification. Although the markings described in this specification are intended to significantly enhance safety through increased conspicuity under most conditions of illumination and viewing of the type described in 1.2 above, they do not guarantee significantly enhanced conspicuity under all such conditions. Individuals exposed to adverse weather conditions or associated with high levels of vehicular or hazards exposure may require other types or amounts of retroreflective markings. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Nighttime Photometric Performance of Retroreflective Pedestrian Markings for Visibility Enhancement

ASTM E808-99a 向后反射性描述标准实施规范

1.1 This practice provides terminology, alternative geometrical coordinate systems, and procedures for designating angles in descriptions of retroreflectors, specifications for retroreflector performance, and measurements of retroreflection.1.2 Terminology defined herein includes terms germane to other ASTM documents on retroreflection.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Describing Retroreflection

ASTM E308-99 材料特性和尺寸效应的纳米技术劳动力教育标准指南

1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain CIE tristimulus values from spectral reflectance, transmittance, or radiance data for object-color specimens.1.2 Procedures and tables of standard values are given for computing from spectral measurements the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z, and chromaticity coordinates x, y for the CIE 1931 standard observer and X10, Y10, Z 10 and x10. y10 for the CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer.1.3 Standard values are included for the spectral power of six CIE standard illuminants and three CIE recommended fluorescent illuminants.1.4 Procedures are included for cases in which data are available only in more limited wavelength ranges than those recommended, or for a measurement interval wider than that recommended by the CIE. This practice is applicable to spectral data obtained according to Practice E 1164 with 1-, 5-, 10-, or 20-nm measurement interval.1.5 Procedures are included for cases in which the spectral data are, and those in which they are not, corrected for bandpass dependence. For the uncorrected cases, it is assumed that the spectral bandpass of the instrument used to obtain the data was approximately equal to the measurement interval and was triangular in shape. These choices are believed to correspond to the most widely used industrial practice.1.6 This practice includes procedures for conversion of results to color spaces that are part of the CIE system, such as CIELAB and CIELUV (3). Equations for calculating color differences in these and other systems are given in Test Method D 2244.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

ASTM E1345-98 用多次测量法降低颜色测量变异性的影响

1.1 Reduction of the variability associated with average color or color-difference measurements of object-color specimens is achieved by statistical analysis of the results of multiple measurements on a single specimen, or by measurement of multiple specimens, whichever is appropriate. 1.2 This practice provides a means for the determination of the number of measurements required to reduce the variablilty to a predetermined fraction of the relevant color or color-difference tolerances. 1.3 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.

Standard Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements

ASTM E313-98 计算仪器测量颜色坐标的白色和黄色指数的标准操作规程

1.1 This practive provides numbers that correlate with visual ratings of yellowness or whiteness of white and near-white or colorless object-color specimens, viewed in daylight by an observer with normal color vision. White textiles, paints, and plastics are a few of the materials that can be described by the indices of yellowness or whiteness calculated by this practice. 1.2 For a complete analysis of object colors, by a specified observer and under a specified illuminant, use of three parameters is required. For near-white specimens, however, it is often useful to calculate single-number scales of yellowness or whiteness. This practice provides recommended equations for such scales and discusses their derivations and uses, and limits to their applicability (see also Ref (1)). 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use .

Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E991-98 荧光样品的色彩测量

1.1 This practice describes procedures for measuring the colors of fluorescent specimens as they would be perceived when illuminated by daylight, and for calculating tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates for these conditions. 1.2 This practice applies to the use of the one-monochromator spectrophotometer employing polychromatic illumination of the specimen and monochromatic detection of the radiant energy. 1.3 This practice can be used to provide specifications for fluorescent colors in either the 1931 or the 1964 CIE system. 1.4 This practice covers only fluorescent specimens that emit visible light. It is not intended for use with other types of luminescent materials such as phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, or electroluminescent. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens

ASTM E1345-98(2008) 通过多次测量来减少颜色测量变化的影响的标准实践

This practice should be used whenever measured color-scale or color-difference-scale values are to be compared to an established tolerance. In this way it can be demonstrated quantitatively that the sampling and measurement procedures are adequate to allow an unambiguous decision as to whether or not the mean results are within tolerance. This practice is based on portions of SAE Practice J 1545, as it applies to painted or plastic automotive parts. It is generally applicable to object colors in various materials. Textured materials, such as textiles, may require special consideration (see SAE Practice J 1545 and STP 15D Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis ). While Practice E 178 deals with outliers, it does not include definitions relating to the box and whisker technique. The definition of an outlier is operational and a little vague because there is still considerable disagreement about what constitutes an outlier. In any normally distributed population, there will be members that range from minus to plus infinity. Theoretically, one should include any member of the population in any sample based on estimates of the population parameters. Practically, including a member that is found far from the mean within a small sample, most members of which are found near the mean, will introduce a systematic bias into the estimate of the population parameters (mean, standard deviation, standard error). Such a bias is in direct contrast with the goal of this practice, namely, to reduce the effects of variability of measurement. For the purposes of this practice, no distinction is made between errors of sampling and members of the tails of the distribution. Practice E 178 has several methods and significance tables to attempt to differentiate between these two types of extreme values.1.1 Reduction of the variability associated with average color or color-difference measurements of object-color specimens is achieved by statistical analysis of the results of multiple measurements on a single specimen, or by measurement of multiple specimens, whichever is appropriate. 1.2 This practice provides a means for the determination of the number of measurements required to reduce the variability to a predetermined fraction of the relevant color or color-difference tolerances. 1.3 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.

Standard Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements

ASTM E1980-98e1 计算水平和低斜不透明表面阳光反射指数的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the calculation of the Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) of horizontal and low-sloped opaque surfaces at standard conditions. The method is intended to calculate SRI for surfaces with emissivity greater than 0.1. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Calculating Solar Reflectance Index of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Opaque Surfaces

ASTM E259-98(2003) 建筑用反射绝缘、辐射屏障和乙烯基拉伸天花板材料的样品制备和安装以评估表面燃烧特性的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing pressed powder transfer standards. These standards can be used in the near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Procedures for calibrating the reflectance factor of materials on an absolute basis are contained in CIE Publication No. 44. Pressed powder standards are used as transfer standards for such calibrations because they have a high reflectance factor that is nearly constant with wavelength, and because the geometric distribution of reflected flux resembles that from the perfect reflecting diffuser.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries

ASTM D1544-98 透明液体颜色的试验方法(加德纳比色刻度尺)

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the color of transparent liquids by means of comparison with arbitrarily numbered glass standards. It applies to drying oils, varnishes, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. Its application to other materials has not been tested. 1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. >

Standard Test Method for Color of Transparent Liquids (Gardner Color Scale)

ASTM E1345-98(2003) 用多次测量法降低颜色测量变异性的影响

This practice should be used whenever measured color-scale or color-difference-scale values are to be compared to an established tolerance. In this way it can be demonstrated quantitatively that the sampling and measurement procedures are adequate to allow an unambiguous decision as to whether or not the mean results are within tolerance. This practice is based on portions of SAE Practice J 1545, as it applies to painted or plastic automotive parts. It is generally applicable to object colors in various materials. Textured materials, such as textiles, may require special consideration (see SAE Practice J 1545 and STP 15D Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis5 ). While Practice E 178 deals with outliers, it does not include definitions relating to the box and whisker technique. The definition of an outlier is operational and a little vague because there is still considerable disagreement about what constitutes an outlier. In any normally distributed population, there will be members that range from minus to plus infinity. Theoretically, one should include any member of the population in any sample based on estimates of the population parameters. Practically, including a member that is found far from the mean within a small sample, most members of which are found near the mean, will introduce a systematic bias into the estimate of the population parameters (mean, standard deviation, standard error). Such a bias is in direct contrast with the goal of this practice, namely, to reduce the effects of variability of measurement. For the purposes of this practice, no distinction is made between errors of sampling and members of the tails of the distribution. Practice E 178 has several methods and significance tables to attempt to differentiate between these two types of extreme values.1.1 Reduction of the variability associated with average color or color-difference measurements of object-color specimens is achieved by statistical analysis of the results of multiple measurements on a single specimen, or by measurement of multiple specimens, whichever is appropriate.1.2 This practice provides a means for the determination of the number of measurements required to reduce the variability to a predetermined fraction of the relevant color or color-difference tolerances.1.3 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.

Standard Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements