17.180.20 (Colours and measurement of light) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E809-94a(2000) 测量反光境的光度特性的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice describes the general procedures for instrumental measurement of the photometric characteristics of retroreflective materials and retroreflective devices. 1.2 This practice is a comprehensive guide to the photometry of retroreflectors but does not include geometric terms that are described in Practice E808. 1.3 This practice describes the parameters that are required when stating photometric measurements in specific tests and specifications for retroreflectors. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of Retroreflectors

ASTM E810-94(2000) 利用共面几何学测试反光板反射系数的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes the instrument measurement of the retroreflective performance of retroreflective sheeting. 1.2 The user of this test method must specify the entrance and observation angles to be used. 1.3 This test method is intended as a laboratory test and requires a facility that can be darkened sufficiently so that stray light does not affect the test results. 1.4 Portable and bench retroreflection measuring equipment may be used to determine RA values provided the geometry and appropriate substitutional standard reference panels, measured in accordance with this test method, are utilized. In this case the methods of Procedure B in Practice E809 apply. Additional information on the use of portable retroreflectometers may be found in Test Method E 1709. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar Geometry

ASTM D2244-93(2000) 用于计算彩色公差和色差与仪器测量颜色坐标的标准实践

1.1 This test method covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of small color differences between nonfluorescent, nonmetameric, opaque specimens such as painted panels. (Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practices D1729 and D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results.) The color differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1), Hunter LH,aH, bH opponent-color space (2), and the Friele-MacAdam-Chickering (FMC-2) color space (3). 1.2 For product specification, the permissible color difference between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color difference shall be agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller. Specific color tolerances may be required for each material and condition of use since other appearance factors (for example, proximity, gloss, and texture) may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences From Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM D2985-92(2006) 石棉颜色的试验方法

The color of asbestos is of commercial significance when it is to be incorporated into products, the color of which is affected by the color of the asbestos, and for which color specifications must be met. Whiteness is required of asbestos for use in white or pale-colored products. Yellowness is significant in asbestos for use in pastel-colored products where discolored asbestos may prevent attainment of certain shades and hues detector.1.1 This test method covers the determination of color, whiteness, and yellowness of asbestos by means of a photoelectric reflectometer.1.2 The test method is applicable to all grades and varieties of homogeneous milled asbestos.1.3 This test method may be applied to samples that are not dry or homogeneous, or that contain impurities or adulterants. However, in such cases, results may not be comparable with those obtained on clean dry samples.1.4 To obtain similar results from spectrophotometers, see Test Method E 308.1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound (customary) units are for information only.1.6 Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, refer to "Safe Use of Chrysotile: A Manual of Preventive and Control Measures."This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Color of Asbestos

ASTM D2985-92(2002) 石棉颜色的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of color, whiteness, and yellowness of asbestos by means of a photoelectric reflectometer.1.2 The test method is applicable to all grades and varieties of homogeneous milled asbestos.1.3 This test method may be applied to samples that are not dry or homogeneous, or that contain impurities or adulterants. However, in such cases, results may not be comparable with those obtained on clean dry samples.1.4 To obtain similar results from spectrophotometers, see Test Method E 308.1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound (customary) units are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Color of Asbestos

ASTM D2985-92(2002)e1 石棉颜色的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of color, whiteness, and yellowness of asbestos by means of a photoelectric reflectometer.1.2 The test method is applicable to all grades and varieties of homogeneous milled asbestos.1.3 This test method may be applied to samples that are not dry or homogeneous, or that contain impurities or adulterants. However, in such cases, results may not be comparable with those obtained on clean dry samples.1.4 To obtain similar results from spectrophotometers, see Test Method E 308.1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound (customary) units are for information only.1.6 Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, refer to "Safe Use of Chrysotile: A Manual of Preventive and Control Measures."1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Color of Asbestos

ASTM D2985/D2985M-92(2011)e1 石棉颜色的标准试验方法

The color of asbestos is of commercial significance when it is to be incorporated into products, the color of which is affected by the color of the asbestos, and for which color specifications must be met. Whiteness is required of asbestos for use in white or pale-colored products. Yellowness is significant in asbestos for use in pastel-colored products where discolored asbestos may prevent attainment of certain shades and hues detector.1.1 This test method covers the determination of color, whiteness, and yellowness of asbestos by means of a photoelectric reflectometer. 1.2 The test method is applicable to all grades and varieties of homogeneous milled asbestos. 1.3 This test method may be applied to samples that are not dry or homogeneous, or that contain impurities or adulterants. However, in such cases, results may not be comparable with those obtained on clean dry samples. 1.4 To obtain similar results from spectrophotometers, see Test Method E308. 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.6 Warning8212;Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile: A Manual of Preventive and Control Measures.” 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ^REFERENCE: ASTM Standards: D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates D2590 Test Method for Sampling Chrysotile Asbestos D2946 Terminology for Asbestos and Asbestosx02013;Cement Products D3879 Test Method for Sampling Amphibole Asbestos (Withdrawn) E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens E259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

Standard Test Method for Color of Asbestos

ASTM E1348-90(1996) 使用分光光度法使用半球形几何结构测定透光度和颜色的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere. 1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere. 1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

ASTM E1349-90(1998) 用双向（45°:0°或0°:45°）几何分光光度法测定反射率和颜色的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45/0 or 0/45 geometry. 1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens, fluorescent specimens, and specimens of intermediate gloss. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry

ASTM E1360-90(2000)e1 用美国光学学会统一色标系统规定颜色的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. 1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of specimens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunction with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall be established.

Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System

ASTM D1535-89 用孟塞尔制规定颜色的标准实施规程

Standard Test Method for Specifying Color by the Munsell System

ASTM F1252-89(2002) 测量透明材料光反射率的试验方法

Reflections from aircraft transparencies of instrument lights and other cockpit objects have been a concern to many pilots. Attempts to reduce these reflections have been hampered by the lack of a repeatable measurement method and variances in reflection measuring instrumentation. The problem with measuring instrumentation is that different brands will often give significant value differences using the same specimen surface. This test method reduces the instrument variations by standardizing the light source, calculation method, and area of specimen surface being measured; a brand of instrumentation is not specified. Since the reflectivity is defined as the ratio of two luminance measurements and does not depend on an absolute measurement, dependence upon the accuracy of the measuring instrument is reduced. The test method may be used to objectively compare the reflection characteristics of various transparent materials. Furthermore, the test method may be used to evaluate reflections of a specified spectral source by using that source in place of the standard light source. Provisions are made to check for polarization effects of the sample and to record the reflectivity of a standard specimen. These provisions are offered as an option to the tester; it is up to the user or the requiring agency to determine the significance and use of these data. Since the reflections are measured photopically, the results are representative of what the pilot would visually perceive.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the reflectivity of transparent materials, hereafter known as specimens. The results are repeatable without specifying a particular brand name of instrumentation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Reflectivity of Transparent Materials

ASTM E1175-87(2003) 用大直经积分球测定材料的太阳能或光反射性,透明性和吸收性的试验方法

To overcome the inadequacies of conventional spectrophotometric measurement techniques when nonhomogeneous materials are measured, a large integrating sphere may be used.5 ,6 Since the beam employed in such spheres is large in comparison to the disparaties of the materials being tested, the nonisotropic nature of the specimen being measured is essentially averaged, or integrated out of the measurement, in a single experimental determination. Solar and photopic optical properties may be measured either with monofunctional spheres individually tailored for the measurement of either transmittance6 or reflectance, or may be measured with a single multifunctional sphere that is employed to measure both transmittance and reflectance.5 A multifunctional sphere is used for making total solar transmittance measurements in both a directional-hemispherical and a directional-directional mode. The solar absorptance can be evaluated in a single measurement as one minus the sum of the directional hemispherical reflectance and transmittance. When a sample at the center of the sphere is supported by its rim, the sum of the reflectance and transmittance can be measured as a function of the angle of incidence. The solar absorptance is then one minus the measured absorptance plus transmittance.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the absolute total solar or photopic reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance of materials and surfaces. Although there are several applicable test methods employed for determining the optical properties of materials, they are generally useful only for flat, homogeneous, isotropic specimens. Materials that are patterned, textured, corrugated, or are of unusual size cannot be measured accurately using conventional spectrophotometric techniques, or require numerous measurements to obtain a relevant optical value. The purpose of this test method is to provide a means for making accurate optical property measurements of spatially nonuniform materials. 1.2 This test method is applicable to large specimens of materials having both specular and diffuse optical properties. It is particularly suited to the measurement of the reflectance of opaque materials and the reflectance and transmittance of semitransparent materials including corrugated fiber-reinforced plastic, composite transparent and translucent samples, heavily textured surfaces, and nonhomogeneous materials such as woven wood, window blinds, draperies, etc. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For specific safety hazards, see Note.)

Standard Test Method for Determining Solar or Photopic Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance of Materials Using a Large Diameter Integrating Sphere

ASTM E1175-87(2009) 用大直经积分球测定材料的太阳能或光反射性,透明性和吸收性的标准试验方法

To overcome the inadequacies of conventional spectrophotometric measurement techniques when nonhomogeneous materials are measured, a large integrating sphere may be used. , Since the beam employed in such spheres is large in comparison to the disparaties of the materials being tested, the nonisotropic nature of the specimen being measured is essentially averaged, or integrated out of the measurement, in a single experimental determination. Solar and photopic optical properties may be measured either with monofunctional spheres individually tailored for the measurement of either transmittance or reflectance, or may be measured with a single multifunctional sphere that is employed to measure both transmittance and reflectance. A multifunctional sphere is used for making total solar transmittance measurements in both a directional-hemispherical and a directional-directional mode. The solar absorptance can be evaluated in a single measurement as one minus the sum of the directional hemispherical reflectance and transmittance. When a sample at the center of the sphere is supported by its rim, the sum of the reflectance and transmittance can be measured as a function of the angle of incidence. The solar absorptance is then one minus the measured absorptance plus transmittance.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the absolute total solar or photopic reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance of materials and surfaces. Although there are several applicable test methods employed for determining the optical properties of materials, they are generally useful only for flat, homogeneous, isotropic specimens. Materials that are patterned, textured, corrugated, or are of unusual size cannot be measured accurately using conventional spectrophotometric techniques, or require numerous measurements to obtain a relevant optical value. The purpose of this test method is to provide a means for making accurate optical property measurements of spatially nonuniform materials. 1.2 This test method is applicable to large specimens of materials having both specular and diffuse optical properties. It is particularly suited to the measurement of the reflectance of opaque materials and the reflectance and transmittance of semitransparent materials including corrugated fiber-reinforced plastic, composite transparent and translucent samples, heavily textured surfaces, and nonhomogeneous materials such as woven wood, window blinds, draperies, etc. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For specific safety hazards, see Note 1.)

Standard Test Method for Determining Solar or Photopic Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance of Materials Using a Large Diameter Integrating Sphere

ASTM E169-87 对项目、产品和过程进行价值工程（VE）/价值分析（VA）的标准实施规程

Standard Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-Visible Quantitative Analysis

ASTM E1084-86(2009) 用阳光测试薄板材料的太阳能传递性(地面上)的标准试验方法

Solar transmittance is an important factor in the admission of energy through fenestration, collector glazing, and protective envelopes. This test method provides a means of measuring this factor under fixed conditions. While the data may be of assistance to designers in the selection and specification of glazing materials, the solar transmittance is not sufficient to define the rate of net heat transfer without information on other important factors. This test method has been found practical for both transparent and translucent materials, as well as for those with transmittance reduced by highly reflective coatings. This test method is particularly applicable to the measurement of transmittance of inhomogeneous, fiber reinforced, patterned, or corrugated materials since the transmittance is averaged over a large area. This test method may be used to measure transmittance of glazing materials at angles up to 60° off normal incidence. Note 18212;A technique similar to the one described but using a pyrheliometer has been used for the measurement of specular solar reflectance; however, there is insufficient experience with this technique for standardization at present. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solar transmittance (terrestrial) of materials in sheet form by using a pyranometer, an enclosure, and the sun as the energy source. 1.2 This test method also allows measurement of solar transmittance at angles other than normal incidence. 1.3 This test method is applicable to sheet materials that are transparent, translucent, textured, or patterned. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight

ASTM E1084-86(2003) 用阳光测试薄板材料的太阳能传递性(地面上)的试验方法

Solar transmittance is an important factor in the admission of energy through fenestration, collector glazing, and protective envelopes. This test method provides a means of measuring this factor under fixed conditions. While the data may be of assistance to designers in the selection and specification of glazing materials, the solar transmittance is not sufficient to define the rate of net heat transfer without information on other important factors. This test method has been found practical for both transparent and translucent materials, as well as for those with transmittance reduced by highly reflective coatings. This test method is particularly applicable to the measurement of transmittance of inhomogeneous, fiber reinforced, patterned, or corrugated materials since the transmittance is averaged over a large area. This test method may be used to measure transmittance of glazing materials at angles up to 60° off normal incidence. Note 18212;A technique similar to the one described but using a pyrheliometer has been used for the measurement of specular solar reflectance; however, there is insufficient experience with this technique for standardization at present. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solar transmittance (terrestrial) of materials in sheet form by using a pyranometer, an enclosure, and the sun as the energy source.1.2 This test method also allows measurement of solar transmittance at angles other than normal incidence.1.3 This test method is applicable to sheet materials that are transparent, translucent, textured, or patterned.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight