77.140.20 (Steels of high quality) 标准查询与下载

ASTM A1016/A1016M-02a 铁素体合金钢 奥氏体合金钢和不锈钢管的一般要求标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to the ASTM product specifications noted below.Title of SpecificationASTM DesignationSeamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A 209/A 209MSeamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger TubesA 213/A 213MWelded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser TubesA 249/A 249MElectric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesA 250/A 250MSeamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceA 268/A 268MSeamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A 269Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary TubingA 270Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service A 334/A 334MSeamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel TubesA 423/A 423MWelded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater TubesA 688/A 688MAustenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Breeder Reactor Core Components A 771Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceA 789/A 789MWelded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater TubesA 803/A 803MAustenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Breeder Reactor Core ComponentsA 826High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes A 851 These designations refer to the latest issue of the respective specifications.1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this general requirements specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this general requirements specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each System must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the "M" designation (SI) of the product specification is specified in the order.

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes

ASTM A262-02a(2008) 奥氏体不锈钢粒间磁化率的检测的标准操作规程

1.1 These practices cover the following five tests: 1.1.1 Practice A8212;Oxalic Acid Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 3 to 7, inclusive), 1.1.2 Practice B8212;Ferric Sulfate–Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 8 to 14, inclusive), 1.1.3 Practice C8212;Nitric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 15 to 21, inclusive), 1.1.4 Practice E8212;Copper–Copper Sulfate–Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 22 to 31, inclusive), and 1.1.5 Practice F8212;Copper–Copper Sulfate–50 % Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Molybdenum-Bearing Cast Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 32 to 38, inclusive). 1.2 The following factors govern the application of these practices: 1.2.1 Susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides is readily detected in all six tests. 1.2.2 Sigma phase in wrought chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels, which may or may not be visible in the microstructure, can result in high corrosion rates only in nitric acid. 1.2.3 Sigma phase in titanium or columbium stabilized alloys and cast molybdenum-bearing stainless alloys, which may or may not be visible in the microstructure, can result in high corrosion rates in both the nitric acid and ferric sulfate–sulfuric acid solutions. 1.3 The oxalic acid etch test is a rapid method of identifying, by simple etching, those specimens of certain stainless steel grades that are essentially free of susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with chromium carbide precipitates. These specimens will have low corrosion rates in certain corrosion tests and therefore can be eliminated (screened) from testing as “acceptable.” 1.4 The ferric sulfate–sulfuric acid test, the copper–copper sulfate–50 % sulfuric acid test, and the nitric acid test are based on weight loss determinations and, thus, provide a quantitative measure of the relative performance of specimens evaluated. In contrast, the copper–copper sulfate–16 % sulfuric acid test is based on visual examination of bend specimens and, therefore, classifies the specimens only as acceptable or nonacceptable. 1.5 In most cases either the 15-h copper–copper sulfate–16 % sulfuric acid test or the 120-h ferric sulfate–sulfuric acid test, combined with the oxalic acid etch test, will provide the required information in the shortest time. All stainless grades listed in the accompanying table may be evaluated in these combinations of screening and corrosion tests, except those specimens of molybdenum-bearing grade......

Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels

ASTM A965/A965M-02e1 压力和高温零件用奥氏体钢锻件的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers austenitic stainless steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high temperature parts, and associated equipment.1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required. In addition, supplementary requirements from Specification A 788 may be specified when appropriate.1.3 This specification includes the austenitic steel forgings that were a part of A 336/A 336M.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts

ASTM A920/A920M-02 机械性能特殊质量微合金热锻钢筋标准规范

1.1 This specification covers hot-wrought, special quality microalloyed carbon steel bars intended for use in applications where as-rolled mechanical properties are desired. A typical end use is hydraulic cylinder shafts. 1.2 The bars shall be furnished to chemical composition and mechanical properties as provided herein. Chemical composition is based on standard carbon steel grades modified to include microalloying elements such as columbium (niobium), vanadium, or molybdenum. Four strength classes are available, designated 60, 75, 80, and 100, corresponding to the minimum yield strength in ksi. 1.3 Sections and sizes of bar steels available are covered in Specification A 29/A 29M.1.4 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S5 are provided for use when additional controls or requirements are desired. These shall apply only when specified on the purchase order. 1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. 1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties

ASTM A262-02ae1 探测奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感度的标准实施规程

1.1 These practices cover the following five tests: 1.1.1 Practice A8212; Oxalic Acid Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 3 to 7, inclusive), 1.1.2 Practice B8212;Ferric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 8 to 14, inclusive), 1.1.3 Practice C8212;Nitric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 15 to 21, inclusive), 1.1.4 Practice E8212;Copper-Copper Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 22 to 31, inclusive), and 1.1.5 Practice F8212;Copper-Copper Sulfate-50% Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Molybdenum-Bearing Cast Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 32 to 38, inclusive). 1.2 The following factors govern the application of these practices: 1.2.1 Susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides is readily detected in all six tests. 1.2.2 Sigma phase in wrought chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels, which may or may not be visible in the microstructure, can result in high corrosion rates only in nitric acid. 1.2.3 Sigma phase in titanium or columbium stabilized alloys and cast molybdenum bearing stainless alloys, which may or may not be visible in the microstructure, can result in high corrosion rates in both the nitric acid and ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid solutions. 1.3 The oxalic acid etch test is a rapid method of identifying, by simple etching, those specimens of certain stainless steel grades which are essentially free of susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with chromium carbide precipitates. These specimens will have low corrosion rates in certain corrosion tests and therefore can be eliminated (screened) from testing as "acceptable." 1.4 The ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, the copper-copper sulfate-50% sulfuric acid test, and the nitric acid test are based on weight loss determinations and, thus, provide a quantitative measure of the relative performance of specimens evaluated. In contrast, the copper-copper sulfate-16% sulfuric acid test is based on visual examination of bend specimens and, therefore, classifies the specimens only as acceptable or non-acceptable. 1.5 In most cases either the 24-h copper-copper sulfate-16% sulfuric acid test or the 120-h ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, combined with the oxalic acid etch test, will provide the required information in the shortest time. All stainless grades listed in the accompanying table may be evaluated in these combinations of screening and corrosion tests, except those specimens of molybdenum-bearing grades (for example 316, 316L, 317, and 317L), which represent steel intended for use in nitric acid environments. 1.6 The 240-h nitric acid test must be applied to stabilized and molybdenum-bearing grades intended for service in nitric acid and to all stainless steel grades which might be subject to end grain corrosion in nitric acid service. 1.7 Only those stainless steel grades are listed in Table 1 for which data on the application of the oxalic acid etch test and on their performance in various quantitative evaluation tests are available. 1.8 Extensive test results on various types of stainless steels evaluated by these practices have been published in Ref (1). 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents are in parentheses and may be approximate. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ......

Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels

ASTM A959-01 锻制不锈钢用说明协调标准等级构成的标准指南

1.1 This standard provides a guide to ASTM Subcommittees A01.06, A01.10, A01.17, A01.22, and A01.28 for specifying chemical composition limits of wrought stainless steels. It is intended that these recommended grade composition limits be suitable for adoption by other standardization bodies that prepare standards for stainless steel products. 1.2 Included in this guide are the recommendations for determining the number of significant figures for specifying chemical composition from Test Methods, Practices and Terminology A 751. 1.3 All stainless steel UNS numbers and the stainless steel grades in all standards overseen by the aforementioned ASTM subcommittees have been included, except those grades applicable to restricted special end uses and alloys containing less than 10.5 % minimum chromium.1.4 Not addressed are minor composition modifications which a specific product subcommittee may find necessary to accommodate effects of normal processing or to enhance fabricability by the producer or user, or both. 1.5 Also not generally addressed (except when established by ASTM product subcommittees) is a complete rationalization of all limits, especially when such would conflict with long-standing practices and is not justified by special technical effect. 1.6 Excluded from this guide are cast material and welding filler metal.

Standard Guide for Specifying Harmonized Standard Grade Compositions for Wrought Stainless Steels

ASTM G146-01(2007) 高压、高温精炼氢设备中使用的双金属不锈合金/钢板材非连接性评定的标准实施规程

This practice provides an indication of the resistance or susceptibility, or both, to HID of a metallurgically bonded stainless alloy surface layer on a steel substrate due to exposure to hydrogen-containing gaseous environments under HP/HT conditions. This practice is applicable over a broad range of pressures, temperatures, cooling rates, and gaseous hydrogen environments where HID could be a significant problem. These procedures can be used to assess the effects of material composition, processing methods, fabrication techniques, and heat treatment as well as the effects of hydrogen partial pressure, service temperature, and cooling rate. The HID produced by these procedures may not correlate directly with service experience for particular applications. Additionally, this practice does not address the evaluation of high-temperature hydrogen attack in the steel substrate. Typically, longer exposure times at the test conditions must be utilized to allow for the resistance to decarburization, internal blistering or cracking, or both, to be evaluated.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the evaluation of disbonding of bimetallic stainless alloy/steel plate for use in refinery high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) gaseous hydrogen service. It includes procedures to (1) produce suitable laboratory test specimens, (2) obtain hydrogen charging conditions in the laboratory that are similar to those found in refinery HP/HT hydrogen gas service for evaluation of bimetallic specimens exposed to these environments, and (3) perform analysis of the test data. The purpose of this practice is to allow for comparison of data among test laboratories on the resistance of bimetallic stainless alloy/steels to hydrogen-induced disbonding (HID).1.2 This practice applies primarily to bimetallic products fabricated by weld overlay of stainless alloy onto a steel substrate. Most of the information developed using this practice has been obtained for such materials. The procedures described herein, may also be appropriate for evaluation of hot roll bonded, explosive bonded, or other suitable processes for applying stainless alloys on steel substrates. However, due to the broad range of possible materials, test conditions, and variations in test procedures, it is up to the user of this practice to determine the suitability and applicability of these procedures for evaluation of such materials.1.3 This practice is intended to be applicable for evaluation of materials for service conditions involving severe hydrogen charging which may produce HID as shown in Fig. 1 for stainless steel weld overlay on steel equipment (see Refs 1 and 2 in Appendix X1). However, it should be noted that this practice may not be appropriate for forms of bimetallic construction or service conditions which have not been observed to cause HID in service.1.4 Additional information regarding the evaluation of bimetallic stainless alloy/steel plate for HID, test methodologies, and the effects of test conditions, materials, and welding variables, and inspection techniques is given in Appendix X1.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for additional safety information.

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Disbonding of Bimetallic Stainless Alloy/Steel Plate for Use in High-Pressure, High-Temperature Refinery Hydrogen Service

ASTM A965/A965M-01 压力和高温零件用奥氏体钢锻件的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers austenitic stainless steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high temperature parts, and associated equipment.1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required. In addition, supplementary requirements from Specification A 788 may be specified when appropriate.1.3 This specification includes the austenitic steel forgings that were a part of A 336/A 336M.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts

ASTM A262-01 奥氏体不锈钢粒间磁化率的检测的标准操作规程

1.1 These practices cover the following five tests: 1.1.1 Practice A8212; Oxalic Acid Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 3 to 7, inclusive), 1.1.2 Practice B8212;Ferric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 8 to 14, inclusive), 1.1.3 Practice C8212;Nitric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 15 to 21, inclusive), 1.1.4 Practice E8212;Copper-Copper Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 22 to 31, inclusive), and 1.1.5 Practice F8212;Copper-Copper Sulfate-50% Sulfuric Acid Test for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Molybdenum-Bearing Cast Austenitic Stainless Steels (Sections 32 to 38, inclusive). 1.2 The following factors govern the application of these practices: 1.2.1 Susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides is readily detected in all six tests. 1.2.2 Sigma phase in wrought chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels, which may or may not be visible in the microstructure, can result in high corrosion rates only in nitric acid. 1.2.3 Sigma phase in titanium or columbium stabilized alloys and cast molybdenum bearing stainless alloys, which may or may not be visible in the microstructure, can result in high corrosion rates in both the nitric acid and ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid solutions. 1.3 The oxalic acid etch test is a rapid method of identifying, by simple etching, those specimens of certain stainless steel grades which are essentially free of susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with chromium carbide precipitates. These specimens will have low corrosion rates in certain corrosion tests and therefore can be eliminated (screened) from testing as "acceptable." 1.4 The ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, the copper-copper sulfate-50% sulfuric acid test, and the nitric acid test are based on weight loss determinations and, thus, provide a quantitative measure of the relative performance of specimens evaluated. In contrast, the copper-copper sulfate-16% sulfuric acid test is based on visual examination of bend specimens and, therefore, classifies the specimens only as acceptable or non-acceptable. 1.5 In most cases either the 24-h copper-copper sulfate-16% sulfuric acid test or the 120-h ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, combined with the oxalic acid etch test, will provide the required information in the shortest time. All stainless grades listed in the accompanying table may be evaluated in these combinations of screening and corrosion tests, except those specimens of molybdenum-bearing grades (for example 316, 316L, 317, and 317L), which represent steel intended for use in nitric acid environments. 1.6 The 240-h nitric acid test must be applied to stabilized and molybdenum-bearing grades intended for service in nitric acid and to all stainless steel grades which might be subject to end grain corrosion in nitric acid service. 1.7 Only those stainless steel grades are listed in Table 1 for which data on the application of the oxalic acid etch test and on their performance in various quantitative evaluation tests are available. 1.8 Extensive test results on various types of stainless steels evaluated by these practices have been published in Ref (1). 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents are in parentheses and may be approximate. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ......

Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels

ASTM A1016/A1016M-01a 铁素体合金钢 奥氏体合金钢和不锈钢管的一般要求标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to the ASTM product specifications noted below.Title of SpecificationASTM DesignationSeamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A 209/A 209MSeamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger TubesA 213/A 213MWelded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser TubesA 249/A 249MElectric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesA 250/A 250MSeamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceA 268/A 268MSeamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A 269Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary TubingA 270Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service A 334/A 334MSeamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel TubesA 423/A 423MWelded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater TubesA 688/A 688MAustenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Breeder Reactor Core Components A 771Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceA 789/A 789MWelded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater TubesA 803/A 803MAustenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Breeder Reactor Core ComponentsA 826High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes A 851 These designations refer to the latest issue of the respective specifications.1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this general requirements specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this general requirements specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each System must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the "M" designation (SI) of the product specification is specified in the order.

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes

ASTM A967-01e1 不锈钢零件化学钝化处理的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers several different types of chemical passivation treatments for stainless steel parts. It includes recommendations and precautions for descaling, cleaning, and passivation of stainless steel parts. It includes several alternative tests, with acceptance criteria, for confirmation of effectiveness of such treatments for stainless steel parts. 1.2 Practices for the mechanical and chemical treatments of stainless steel surfaces are discussed more thoroughly in Practice A 380. 1.3 Several alternative chemical treatments are defined for passivation of stainless steel parts. gives some nonmandatory information and provides some general guidelines regarding the selection of passivation treatment appropriate to particular grades of stainless steel but makes no recommendations regarding the suitability of any grade, treatment, and acceptance criteria for any particular application or class of applications. 1.4 The tests in this specification are intended to confirm the effectiveness of passivation, particularly with regard to the removal of free iron and other exogenous matter. These tests include the following practices: 1.4.1 Practice A8212;Water Immersion Test,1.4.2 Practice B8212;High Humidity Test,1.4.3 Practice C8212;Salt Spray Test, 1.4.4 Practice D8212;Copper Sulfate Test,1.4.5 Practice E8212;Potassium Ferricyanide-Nitric Acid Test, and1.4.6 Practice F8212;Free Iron Test.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions, Sections 14 through 18 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts

ASTM G146-01(2013) 评估高温, 高温精炼氢设备中使用的双金属不锈合金/钢板非连接性的标准实施规程

5.1 This practice provides an indication of the resistance or susceptibility, or both, to HID of a metallurgically bonded stainless alloy surface layer on a steel substrate due to exposure to hydrogen-containing gaseous environments under HP/HT conditions. This practice is applicable over a broad range of pressures, temperatures, cooling rates, and gaseous hydrogen environments where HID could be a significant problem. These procedures can be used to assess the effects of material composition, processing methods, fabrication techniques, and heat treatment as well as the effects of hydrogen partial pressure, service temperature, and cooling rate. The HID produced by these procedures may not correlate directly with service experience for particular applications. Additionally, this practice does not address the evaluation of high-temperature hydrogen attack in the steel substrate. Typically, longer exposure times at the test conditions must be utilized to allow for the resistance to decarburization, internal blistering or cracking, or both, to be evaluated. 1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the evaluation of disbonding of bimetallic stainless alloy/steel plate for use in refinery high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) gaseous hydrogen service. It includes procedures to (1) produce suitable laboratory test specimens, (2) obtain hydrogen charging conditions in the laboratory that are similar to those found in refinery HP/HT hydrogen gas service for evaluation of bimetallic specimens exposed to these environments, and (3) perform analysis of the test data. The purpose of this practice is to allow for comparison of data among test laboratories on the resistance of bimetallic stainless alloy/steels to hydrogen-induced disbonding (HID). 1.2 This practice applies primarily to bimetallic products fabricated by weld overlay of stainless alloy onto a steel substrate. Most of the information developed using this practice has been obtained for such materials. The procedures described herein, may also be appropriate for evaluation of hot roll bonded, explosive bonded, or other suitable processes for applying stainless alloys on steel substrates. However, due to the broad range of possible materials, test conditions, and variations in test procedures, it is up to the user of this practice to determine the suitability and applicability of these procedures for evaluation of such materials. 1.3 This practice is intended to be applicable for evaluation of materials for service conditions involving severe hydrogen charging which may produce HID as shown in Fig. 1 for stainless steel weld overlay on steel equipment (see Refs 1 and 2 in Appendix X1). However, it should be noted that this practice may not be appropriate for forms of bimetallic construction or service conditions which have not been observed to cause HID in service. Note 1—Open symbols—no disbonding reported. Filled ......

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Disbonding of Bimetallic Stainless Alloy/Steel Plate for Use in High-Pressure, High-Temperature Refinery Hydrogen Service

ASTM A1022-01 混凝土钢筋用刻痕和普通不锈钢钢丝和焊接钢丝的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers stainless steel wire and welded wire reinforcement produced from hot-rolled stainless steel rod. The stainless steel wire is cold-worked, drawn or rolled, plain (non-deformed) or deformed or a combination of deformed and plain. It is used as concrete reinforcement for applications requiring resistance to corrosion and/or controlled magnetic permeability. Common wire sizes and dimensions are found in this specification. Actual wire sizes are not restricted to those shown in the tables.1.2 Supplement S1 describes high strength wire, which shall be furnished when specifically ordered. It shall be permissible to furnish high strength wire in place of regular wire if mutually agreed to by the purchaser and supplier. 1.2.1 A supplementary requirement (S2) of an optional nature is provided. It shall apply only when specified by the purchaser. In order to obtain a corrosion tested or controlled magnetic permeability product, steel conforming to Supplementary Requirement S2 should be ordered. 1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.4 The chemical composition of the steel (stainless grade) shall be selected for suitability to the application involved by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Use Specification A 276 for chemical requirements. The UNS designations are to be included with the type number and noted in brackets, i.e. austenitic stainless steels as Type 304 [S30400], 304L [S30403], 316 [S31600], 316L [S31603], 316N [S31651], 316LN [S31653] and duplex stainless steels, Types 2205 [S32205] and 329 [S32900].Note 18212;Only austenitic and duplex stainless steels are usually recommended for use as reinforcement in concrete because of their high corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels have good general corrosion resistance, strength characteristics which can be improved by cold working, good toughness and ductility properties at low temperatures, and low magnetic permeability. Duplex stainless steels have generally a corrosion resistance greater than that of most austenitic steels and are magnetic. Other stainless steels with different chemical compositions than the series and types mentioned above, may be used for less restrictive applications.1.5 Wire for welded wire reinforcement is generally manufactured at 520 MPa (75 ksi) yield strength level. Other strength levels shall be by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer. Note 28212;The term used to refer to yield strength levels are the same as those in ASTM Standards for welded wire reinforcement.

Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Wire and Welded Wire for Concrete Reinforcement

ASTM G146-01 高压、高温精炼氢设备中使用的双金属不锈合金/钢板材非连接性评定的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the evaluation of disbonding of bimetallic stainless alloy/steel plate for use in refinery high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) gaseous hydrogen service. It includes procedures to (a) produce suitable laboratory test specimens (b) obtain hydrogen charging conditions in the laboratory that are similar to those found in refinery HP/HT hydrogen gas service for evaluation of bimetallic specimens exposed to these environments, and (c) perform analysis of the test data. The purpose of this practice is to allow for comparison of data among test laboratories on the resistance of bimetallic stainless alloy/steels to hydrogen-induced disbonding (HID). 1.2 This practice applies primarily to bimetallic products fabricated by weld overlay of stainless alloy onto a steel substrate. Most of the information developed using this practice has been obtained for such materials. The procedures described herein, may also be appropriate for evaluation of hot roll bonded, explosive bonded, or other suitable processes for applying stainless alloys on steel substrates. However, due to the broad range of possible materials, test conditions, and variations in test peocedures, it is up to the user of this practice to determine the suitability and applicability of these procedures for evaluation of such materials. 1.3 This practice is intended to be applicable for evaluation of materials for service conditions involving severe hydrogen charging which may produce HID as shown in Fig. 1 for stainless steel weld overlay on steel equipment (see Refs1 and 2 and Appendix X1). However, it should be noted that this practice may not be appropriate for forms of bimetallic construction or service conditions which have not been observed to cause HID in service. 1.4 Additional information regarding the evaluation of bimetallic stainless alloy/steel plate for HID, test methodologies, and the effects of test conditions, materials, and welding variables, and inspection techniques is given in Appendix X1. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Disbonding of Bimetallic Stainless Alloy/Steel Plate for Use in High-Pressure, High-Temperature Refinery Hydrogen Service

ASTM A774/A774M-00 低温和中等温度条件下的一般腐蚀性服务用焊接锻造奥氏体不锈钢配件标准规范

1.1 This specification covers five grades of as-welded, wrought austenitic stainless steel fittings for low-pressure piping and intended for low and moderate temperatures and general corrosive service. Users should note that certain corrosive conditions may restrict the use of one or more grades. For applications requiring a product that requires heat treatment or full pressure rating refer to Specification A403/A403M. The term "fittings" applies to butt and socket welding parts such as 45176 and 90176 elbows, tees, reducers, wyes, laterals, crosses, and stub ends. 1.2 This specification covers as-welded fittings 3 through 48 in. [75 through 1225 mm] in outside diameter and in nominal wall thicknesses 0.062 through 0.500 in. [1.6 through 12.7 mm]. Table 1 and Table 2 list the common diameters and nominal thicknesses of fittings in this specification. 1.3 This specification does not apply to cast fittings. Cast austenitic steel fittings are covered by Specification A351/ A351M. 1.4 Optional supplementary requirements are provided for fittings where a greater degree of examination is desired. These supplementary requirements call for additional tests. When desired, one or more of these may be specified in the order. 1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.

Standard Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures

ASTM A484/A484M-00 不锈钢棒材,钢坯和锻件的一般要求的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers general requirements that shall apply to wrought stainless steel bars, shapes, forgings, and billets or other semi-finished material (except wire) for forging, under the latest revision of each of the following ASTM specifications: A276, A314, A458, A473, A477, A479/A479M, A564/A564M, A565, A582/A582M, A638/A638M, A705/A705M, and A831/A831M. 1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by waiving a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.1.3 The requirements for introduction of new materials in specifications referencing this specification are given in Annex A1.1.4 General requirements for flat-rolled stainless steel products other than bar are covered in Specification A480/A480M. 1.5 General requirements for wire products in coils are covered in Specification A555/A555M.1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as the standard; within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in [brackets]. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. 1.7 Unless the order specifies an "M" designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings

ASTM A965/A965M-00 压力和高温零件用奥氏体钢锻件的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers austenitic stainless steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high temperature parts, and associated equipment.1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required. In addition, supplementary requirements from Specification A 788 may be specified when appropriate.1.3 This specification includes the austenitic steel forgings that were a part of A 336/A 336M.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts

ASTM A1011/A1011M-00 钢 板材 带钢 热轧 碳 结构 高强度低合金 成型性提高的高强度低合金和超高强度的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled structural, high strength-low alloy, and high-strength low-alloy with improved formability steel sheet and strip, in coils and cut lengths.1.2 Hot rolled steel sheet and strip is available in the designations as listed in 4.1.1.3 This specification is not applicable to the steel covered by Specification A635/A635M.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy and High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability

ASTM A485-00 高硬度减摩轴承钢标准规范

1.1 This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings. 1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

Standard Specification for High Hardenability Antifriction Bearing Steel

ASTM A380-99e1 不锈钢零件, 设备及系统的清洗, 除垢及钝化的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers recommendations and precautions for cleaning, descaling, and passivating of new stainless steel parts, assemblies, equipment, and installed systems. These recommendations are presented as procedures for guidance when it is recognized that for a particular service it is desired to remove surface contaminants that may impair the normal corrosion resistance, or result in the later contamination of the particular stainless steel grade, or cause product contamination. For certain exceptional applications, additional requirements which are not covered by this practice may be specified upon agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Although they apply primarily to materials in the composition ranges of the austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steels, the practices described may also be useful for cleaning other metals if due consideration is given to corrosion and possible metallurgical effects. 1.1.1 The term passivation is commonly applied to several distinctly different operations or processes relating to stainless steels. In order to avoid ambiguity in the setting of requirements, it may be necessary for the purchaser to define precisely the intended meaning of passivation. Some of the various meanings associated with the term passivation that are in common usage include the following: 1.1.1.1 Passivation is the process by which a stainless steel will spontaneously form a chemically inactive surface when exposed to air or other oxygen-containing environments. It was at one time considered that an oxidizing treatment was necessary to establish this passive film, but it is now accepted that this film will form spontaneously in an oxygen-containing environment providing that the surface has been thoroughly cleaned or descaled. 1.1.1.2 Passivation is removal of exogenous iron or iron compounds from the surface of a stainless steel by means of a chemical dissolution, most typically by a treatment with an acid solution that will remove the surface contamination but will not significantly affect the stainless steel itself. This process is described in a general way in 6.2.11 and defined precisely in 6.4 with further reference to the requirements of Annex A2 and Table A2.1, Part II. Unless otherwise specified, it is this definition of passivation that is taken as the meaning of a specified requirement for passivation. 1.1.1.3 Passivation is the chemical treatment of a stainless steel with a mild oxidant, such as a nitric acid solution, for the purpose of enhancing the spontaneous formation of the protective passive film. Such chemical treatment is generally not necessary for the formation of the passive film. 1.1.1.4 Passivation does not indicate the separate process of descaling as described in Section 5, although descaling may be necessary before passivation can be effective. 1.2 This practice does not cover decontamination or cleaning of equipment or systems that have been in service, nor does it cover descaling and cleaning of materials at the mill. On the other hand, some of the practices may be applicable for these purposes. While the practice provides recommendations and information concerning the use of acids and other cleaning and descaling agents, it cannot encompass detailed cleaning procedures for specific types of equipment or installations. It therefore in no way precludes the necessity for careful planning and judgment in the selection and implementation of such procedures. 1.3 These practices may be applied when free iron, oxide scale, rust, grease, oil, carbonaceous or other residual chemical films, soil, particles, metal chips, dirt, or other nonvolatile deposits might adversely affect the metallurgical or sanitary condition or stability of a surface, the mechanical operation of a part, component, or system, or contaminate a process fluid. The degree of cleanness required on a surface depends on the ap......

Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems