B11 土壤、水土保持 标准查询与下载

DIN ISO 20279:2006 土壤质量.铊的萃取和电热原子吸收光谱法测定

Thallium is extracted from soil by a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and determined in solution by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, in which discrete volumes of sample solution are dispensed into a graphite tube. By increasing the temperature of this tube stepwise, the processes of drying, thermal decomposition of the matrix and thermal dissociation into free atoms occur. The resulting absorption signal should (under optimum conditions) be a sharp symmetrical peak with a height proportional to the element concentration in solution.

Soil quality - Extraction of thallium and determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ISO 20279:2005);English version of DIN ISO 20279:2006-01

ASTM C602-06a 农用石灰浸物质的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers agricultural liming materials, such as quicklime (burnt lime), hydrated lime, limestone, (calcitic and dolomitic), marl, shells, and byproducts including slag, and other materials.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Agricultural Liming Materials

ASTM D5550-06 用气体比重瓶法测定土壤固体粒子比重的标准试验方法

The specific gravity value is used in many phase relation equations to determine relative volumes of particle, water, and gas mixtures. The term soil particle typically refers to a naturally occurring mineral grain that is not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soils that contain extraneous matter (such as cement, lime, and the like) or water-soluble material (such as salt) must be corrected for the precipitate that forms on the specimen after drying. If the precipitate has a specific gravity less than the parent soil grains, the uncorrected test result will be too low. If the precipitate has a higher specific gravity, then the uncorrected test value will be too high. Note 28212;Not withstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids by means of a gas pycnometer. Particle size is limited by the dimensions of the specimen container of the particular pycnometer being used.1.2 Test Method D 854 may be used instead of or in conjunction with this test method for performing specific gravity tests on soils. Note that Test Method D 854 does not require the specialized test apparatus needed by this test method. However, Test Method D 854 may not be used if the specimen contains matter that can readily dissolve in water, whereas this test method does not have that limitation.1.3 All measured and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.1.3.1 For purposes of comparing, a measured or calculated value(s) with specifies limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits. 1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.4 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer

ASTM E2531-06e1 开发释放到表层的轻非水相液体用概念场址模式和补救战略的标准指南

This guide will help users answer simple and fundamental questions about the LNAPL occurrence and behavior in the subsurface. It will help users to identify specific risk-based drivers and non-risk factors for action at a site and prioritize resources consistent with these drivers and factors. The site management decision process described in this guide includes several features that are only examples of standardized approaches to addressing the objectives of the particular activity. For example, Table 1 provides example indicators of the presence of LNAPL. Table 1 should be customized by the user with a modified list of LNAPL indicators as technically appropriate for the site or group of sites being addressed. This guide advocates use of simple analyses and available data for the LCSM in Tier 1 to make use of existing data and to interpret existing data potentially in new ways. The Tier 1 LCSM is designed to identify where additional data may be needed and where decisions can be made using existing data and bounding estimates. This guide expands the LCSM in Tier 2 and Tier 3 to a detailed, dynamic description that considers three-dimensional plume geometry, chemistry, and fluxes associated with the LNAPL that are both chemical- and location-specific. This guide fosters effective use of existing site data, while recognizing that information may be only indirectly related to the LNAPL body conditions. This guide also provides a framework for collecting additional data and defining the value of improving the LCSM for remedial decisions. By defining the key components of the LCSM, this guide helps identify the framework for understanding LNAPL occurrence and behavior at a site. This guide recommends that specific LNAPL site objectives be identified by the user and stakeholders and remediation metrics be based on the LNAPL site objectives. The LNAPL site objectives should be based on a variety of issues, including: Potential human health risks and risks to relevant ecological receptors and habitats; Specific regulatory requirements; and Aesthetic or other management objectives. This guide provides a framework by which users specify benefit remediation metrics that are consistent and achievable given the conditions of the LCSM. Guidance is focused on the information needed to make sound decisions rather than specific methods or evaluations that might be used in deriving that information. This guide is weighted toward field data rather than modeling, though modeling is clearly recognized as a useful tool in generating scenarios and bracketing conditions of the LNAPL body conditions. Limited examples of site specific data used to develop the LCSM are provided in Appendix X6. By defining specific, measurable attributes of remedial actions acting upon an LCSM, users can determine which actions may be feasible and which likely are not, using an evaluation of a consistent set of factors and expectations. A sound LCSM will lead to better decisions about remedial actions. The site management decision process premised on the LCSM is intended to result in more efficient and consistent decision-making about LNAPL risk evaluations and remedial actions. The complexity of multiphase LNAPL issues and the wide variety of analysis and interpretation methods that are available has lead to uncertainty in decision-making regarding sites with LNAPL and has sometimes resulted in misleading expectations about remedial outcomes. Current risk assessment methods often assume the LNAPL is an infinite source of chemicals of concern. The remediation decision-making may be better defined by considering the LNAPL as the source material for chemicals of concern by explicitly characterizing the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the LNAPL body. When LNAPL presents the main source of risk, the LNAPL should be the primary target of ......

Standard Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Released to the Subsurface

ASTM D6467-06a 用扭矩环剪切试验测定粘性土壤排水残余抗剪强度的标准试验方法

The apparatus keeps the cross-sectional area of the shear surface constant during shear and shears the specimen continuously in one rotational direction for any magnitude of displacement. This allows clay particles to become oriented parallel to the direction of shear and a residual strength condition to develop. The apparatus allows a reconstituted specimen to be overconsolidated and presheared prior to drained shearing. This simulates the field conditions that lead to a preexisting shear surface along which the drained residual strength can be mobilized. The ring shear test is suited to the relatively rapid determination of drained residual shear strength because of the short drainage path through the thin specimen, and the capability of testing one specimen under different normal stresses to quickly obtain a shear strength envelope. The test results are primarily applicable to assess the shear strength in slopes that contain a preexisting shear surface, such as old landslides, and sheared bedding planes, joints, or faults. Note 18212;Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing a torsional ring shear test under a drained condition to determine the residual shear strength of cohesive soils. An undisturbed specimen can be used for testing. However, obtaining a natural slip surface specimen, determining the direction of field shearing, and trimming and properly aligning the usually non-horizontal shear surface in the ring shear apparatus is difficult. As a result, this test method focuses on the use of a reconstituted specimen to measure the residual strength. This test method is performed by deforming a presheared, reconstituted specimen at a controlled displacement rate until the constant minimum drained shear resistance is offered on a single shear plane determined by the configuration of the apparatus. An unlimited amount of continuous shear displacement can be achieved to obtain a residual strength condition. Generally, three or more normal stresses are applied to a test specimen to determine the drained residual failure envelope. A separate test specimen may be used for each normal stress.1.2 A shear stress-displacement relationship may be obtained from this test method. However, a shear stress-strain relationship or any associated quantity, such as modulus, cannot be determined from this test method because possible soil extrusion and volume change prevents defining the height needed in the shear strain calculations. As a result, shear strain cannot be calculated but shear displacement can be calculated.1.3 The selection of normal stresses and final determination of the shear strength envelope for design analyses and the criteria to interpret and evaluate the test results are the responsibility of the engineer or office requesting the test.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approximated.1.5 All measured and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respo......

Standard Test Method for Torsional Ring Shear Test to Determine Drained Residual Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils

ASTM D6572-06 用团粒试验测定粘性土的色散特性的标准试验方法

The crumb test method provides a simple, quick method for field or laboratory identification of a dispersive clay soil. The internal erosion failures of a number of homogeneous earth dams, erosion along channel or canal banks, and rainfall erosion of earthen structures have been attributed to colloidal erosion along cracks or other flow channels formed in masses of dispersive clay (5). The crumb test method, as originally developed by Emerson (6), was called the aggregate coherence test and had seven different categories of soil-water reactions. Sherard (5) later simplified the test by combining some soil-water reactions so that only four categories, or grades, of soil dispersion are observed during the test. The crumb test is a relatively accurate positive indicator of the presence of dispersive properties in a soil. The crumb test, however, is not a completely reliable negative indicator that soils are not dispersive. The crumb test, can seldom be relied upon as a sole test method for determining the presence of dispersive clays. The double-hydrometer test (Test Method D 4221) and pinhole test (Test Method D 4647) are test methods that provide valuable additional insight into the probable dispersive behavior of clay soils. Note 28212;The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 These test methods provide a qualitative indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey soils.1.2 These test methods are not applicable for soils with less than 12 % fraction finer than 0.005 mm and with a plasticity index less than or equal to 8.1.3 The crumb test method has some limitations in its usefulness as an indicator of dispersive clay. A dispersive soil may sometimes give a nondispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion problems have shown nondispersive reactions in the crumb test (). However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the soil is probably dispersive.1.4 Oven-dried soil should not be used to prepare crumb test specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for dispersion ().1.5 The crumb test method, while a good quick indication of dispersive clay, should usually be run in conjunction with a pinhole test and a double hydrometer test, Test Methods D 4647 and D 4221, respectively.Note 1In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. Crumb test methods are a better indicator of dispersive clays than of nondispersive clays ().1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test

ASTM E2531-06 开发释放到表层的轻非水相液体用概念场址模式和补救战略的标准指南

1.1 This guide applies to sites with LNAPL present as residual, free, or mobile phases, and anywhere that LNAPL is a source for impacts in soil, ground water, and soil vapor. Use of this guide may show LNAPL to be present where it was previously unrecognized. Information about LNAPL phases and methods for evaluating its potential presence are included in , guide terminology is in Section , and technical glossaries are in . Fig. 1 is a flowchart that summarizes the procedures of this guide.1.2 This guide is intended to supplement the conceptual site model developed in the RBCA process (Guides E 1739 and E 2081) and in the conceptual site model standard (Guide E 1689) by considering LNAPL conditions in sufficient detail to evaluate risks and remedial action options.1.3 Federal, state, and local regulatory policies and statutes should be followed and form the basis of determining the remedial objectives, whether risk-based or otherwise. Fig. 1 illustrates the interaction between this guide and other related guidance and references.1.4 Petroleum and other chemical LNAPLs are the primary focus of this guide. Certain technical aspects apply to dense NAPL (DNAPL), but this guide does not address the additional complexities of DNAPLs.1.5 The composite chemical and physical properties of an LNAPL are a function of the individual chemicals that make-up an LNAPL. The properties of the LNAPL and the subsurface conditions in which it may be present vary widely from site to site. The complexity and level of detail needed in the LCSM varies depending on the exposure pathways and risks and the scope and extent of the remedial actions that are needed. The LCSM follows a tiered development of sufficient detail for risk assessment and remedial action decisions to be made. Additional data collection or technical analysis is typically needed when fundamental questions about the LNAPL cannot be answered with existing information.1.6 This guide does not develop new risk assessment protocols. It is intended to be used in conjunction with existing risk-based corrective action guidance (for example, Guides E 1739 and E 2081) and regulatory agency requirements (for example, USEPA 1989, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997).1.7 This guide assists the user in developing an LCSM upon which a decision framework is applied to assist the user in selecting remedial action options.1.8 The goal of this guide is to provide sound technical underpinning to LNAPL corrective action using appropriately scaled, site-specific knowledge of the physical and chemical processes controlling LNAPL and the associated plumes in ground water and soil vapor.1.9 This guide provides flexibility and assists the user in developing general LNAPL site objectives based on the LCSM. This guide recognizes LNAPL site objectives are determined by regulatory, business, regional, social, and other site-specific factors. Within the context of the Guide E 2081 RBCA process, these factors are called the technical policy decisions.1.10 Remediation metrics are defined based on the site objectives and are measurable attributes of a remedial action. Remediation metrics may include environmental benefits, such as flux control, risk reduction, or chemical longevity reduction. Remediation metrics may also include costs, such as installation costs, energy use, business impairments, waste generation, water disposal, and others. Remediation metrics are used in the decision analysis for remedial options and in tracking the performance of implemented remedial action alternatives.1.11 This guide does not provide procedures for selecting one type of remedial technology over another. Rather, it recommends that technology selection decisions be based on the LCSM, sound professional judgment, and the LNAPL site objectives. These facets are complex and interdisciplinary. Appropriate user knowledge, skills, and judgment are required.1.12 T......

Standard Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Released to the Subsurface

ASTM D5918-06 土壤对冻胀和解冻变弱敏感性的标准试验方法

These test methods can be used to determine the relative frost-susceptibility of soils used in pavement systems. Both the frost heave susceptibility and the thaw weakening susceptibility can be determined. These test methods should be used only for seasonal frost conditions and not for permanent or long-term freezing of soil. These test methods also have not been validated for anything other than pavement systems. These test methods cannot be used to predict the amount of frost heave or thaw weakening in the field. Its purpose is to determine the relative frost-susceptibility classification for use in empirical pavement design methods for seasonal frost regions.1.1 These laboratory test methods cover the frost heave and thaw weakening susceptibilities of soil that is tested in the laboratory by comparing the heave rate and thawed bearing ratio with values in an established classification system. This test was developed to classify the frost susceptibility of soils used in pavements. It should be used for soils where frost-susceptibility considerations, based on particle size such as the limit of 3 % finer than 20 mm in Specification D 2940, are uncertain. This is most important for frost-susceptibility criteria such as those used by the Corps of Engineers, that require a freezing test for aggregates of inconclusive frost classification. The frost heave susceptibility is determined from the heave rate during freezing. The thaw weakening susceptibility is determined with the bearing ratio test (see Test Method D 1883).1.2 This is an index test for estimating the relative degree of frost-susceptibility of soils used in pavement systems. It cannot be used to predict the amount of frost heave nor the strength after thawing, nor can it be used for applications involving long-term freezing of permafrost or for foundations of refrigerated structures.1.3 The test methods described are for one specimen and uses manual temperature control. It is suggested that four specimens be tested simultaneously and that the temperature control and data taking be automated using a computer.1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.4.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be regarded a nonconformance with this standard. 1.5 This Standard is written using SI units. Inch-pound units are provided for convenience. The values stated in inch pound units may not be exact equivalents; therefore, they shall be used independently of the SI system. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the......

Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils

ASTM C602-06 农用石灰浸物质的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers agricultural liming materials, such as burnt lime (quicklime), hydrated lime, limestone, (calcitic and dolomitic), marl, shells, and byproducts including slag, and other materials.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Agricultural Liming Materials

KS I ISO 10390:2005 土质.pH值的测定

이 규격은 물(pH-H2O), 1 mol/L의 염화칼륨(pH-KCl) 또는 0.01 mol

Soil quality－Determination of pH

KS I ISO 11074-1:2005 土壤质量.词汇.第1部分:与土壤保护和土壤污染有关的术语和定义.三种语言版

이 규격은 토양의 질을 규정(특성화)하는 분야에 사용되는 용어 목록을 정의한다. 이 규격은

Soil quality-Vocabulary-Part 1:Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of the soil

KS I ISO 17313:2005 土质.使用挠性壁渗透计测定饱和疏松材料的水渗透性

이 규격은 유동 벽체 투과 측정계를 이용하여 포화된 다공성 물질의 수리 전도도를 실험 실에

Soil quality－Determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter

KS I ISO 10382:2005 土质.有机氯农药和多氯化联苯的测定.电子俘获探测气相色谱法

이 규격은 토양 중에 함유된 7종의 PCBs와 17종의 유기 염소계 농약을 정량적으로 측정

Soil quality－Determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls－Gas-chromatographic method with electron capture detection

KS I ISO 10381-6:2005 土质.取样.第6部分:实验室中微生物工艺、生物统计和多样性评估用有氧条件下土壤的收集、处理和存贮的指南

이 규격은 실험실 내의 호기성 조건에서 실행하는 미생물 시험 공정으로 토양의 채취, 처리

Soil quality－Sampling－Part 6：Guidance on the collection,handling and storage of soil for the assessment ofaerobic microbial processes in the laboratory

KS I ISO 16703:2005 土质.用气相色谱法测定C10至C40范围内的烃含量

이 규격은 가스 크로마토그래피를 이용한 현장 습윤 토양 시료 중 광물유(탄화수소) 함량의

Soil quality－Determination of content of hydrocarbon in the rangeC10 to C40 by gas chromatography

DIN ISO 10390:2005 土壤质量.pH值测定

This International Standard specifies an instrumental method for the routine determination of pH using a glass electrode in a 1:5 (volume fraction) suspension of soil in water (pH in H20), in 1 mol/I potassium chloride solution (pH in KCI) or in 0,01 mol/I calcium chloride solution (pH in CaCI2). This International Standard is applicable to all types of air-dried soil samples, for example pretreated in accordance with ISO 11464.

Soil quality - Determination of pH (ISO 10390:2005);English version of DIN ISO 10390:2005

ISO 11269-2:2005 土壤质量.污染物对土壤植物群影响的测定.第2部分:化学品对高等植物的发芽和生长的影响

This part of ISO 11269 describes a method that is applicable to the determination of possible toxic effects of solid or liquid chemicals incorporated in soil on the emergence and early stages of growth and development of a variety of terrestrial plants. It does not give an indication of damage resulting from direct contact of seedlings with the chemical in the vapour or liquid phase outside the soil environment. The method is also applicable to the comparison of soils of known and unknown quality. Information on how to adapt the method for this purpose is given in Annex B.

Soil quality - Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora - Part 2: Effects of chemicals on the emergence and growth of higher plants

ISO 23753-2:2005 土壤质量.土壤中脱氢酶活性的测定.第2部分:氯化四氮唑法(INT)

This part of ISO 23753 specifies a method for determining soil dehydrogenase activity using 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT). As the INT reduction is less sensitive to O2, the method is more reproducible than the TTC-method described in ISO 23753-1. It is not applicable for determining the dehydrogenase activity in upper layers (L, F, H horizons) of forest humus forms with low microbial activity (e.g. mor), or in soils showing reducing properties (e.g. waterlogged soils).

Soil quality - Determination of dehydrogenase activity in soils - Part 2: Method using iodotetrazolium chloride (INT)

ISO 23753-1:2005 土壤质量.土壤中脱氢酶活性的测定.第1部分:使用氯化三苯基四唑(TTC)的方法

This part of ISO 23753 specifies a method for determining the dehydrogenase activity in soil using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). It is not applicable for determining the dehydrogenase activity in the upper layers (L, F, H horizons) of forest humus forms with low microbial activity (e.g. mor), or in soils showing reducing properties (e.g. waterlogged soils).

Soil quality - Determination of dehydrogenase activity in soils - Part 1: Method using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)

ISO 11074:2005 土壤质量.词汇

This standard defines terms used in the field of soil quality. The terms are classified under the following main headings:  general terms and definitions (terms relating to soil, to soil materials, to land and sites);  description of soil (soil characteristics, soil water, properties of soils and substances, processes in soil, contamination, background content);  sampling (general terms and definitions, sample types/sampling type, sampling stages, execution of sampling, quality control samples, sample pretreatment, terms and definitions related to geostatistics);  terms and definitions relating to the assessment of soils (quality, assessment of soil and sites with respect to risk, hazard and exposure, soil protection);  remediation (general terms and definitions, principal remediation types, engineering-based methods, process-based treatment methods). An alphabetical index is provided.

Soil quality - Vocabulary