P02 经济管理 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1946-07 估算建筑物和建筑系统成本风险的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring cost risk for buildings and building systems, using the Monte Carlo simulation technique as described in Guide E 1369.1.2 A computer program is required for the Monte Carlo simulation. This can be one of the commercially available software programs for cost risk analysis, or one constructed by the user.

Standard Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1369-07e2 建筑物和建筑系统经济评估中处理不确定性和风险的选择技术标准指南

Investments in long-lived projects such as buildings are characterized by uncertainties regarding project life, operation and maintenance costs, revenues, and other factors that affect project economics. Since future values of these variable factors are generally not known, it is difficult to make reliable economic evaluations. The traditional approach to project investment analysis has been to apply economic methods of project evaluation to best-guess estimates of project input variables as if they were certain estimates and then to present results in single-value, deterministic terms. When projects are evaluated without regard to uncertainty of inputs to the analysis, decision makers may have insufficient information to measure and evaluate the risk of investing in a project having a different outcome from what is expected. Risk analysis is the body of theory and practice that has evolved to help decision makers assess their risk exposures and risk attitudes so that the investment that is the best bet for them can be selected. Note 18212;The decision maker is the individual or group of individuals responsible for the investment decision. For example, the decision maker may be the chief executive officer or the board of directors. Uncertainty and risk are defined as follows. Uncertainty (or certainty) refers to a state of knowledge about the variable inputs to an economic analysis. If the decision maker is unsure of input values, there is uncertainty. If the decision maker is sure, there is certainty. Risk refers either to risk exposure or risk attitude. Risk exposure is the probability of investing in a project that will have a less favorable economic outcome than what is desired (the target) or is expected. Risk attitude, also called risk preference, is the willingness of a decision maker to take a chance or gamble on an investment of uncertain outcome. The implications of decision makers having different risk attitudes is that a given investment of known risk exposure might be economically acceptable to an investor who is not particularly risk averse, but totally unacceptable to another investor who is very risk averse. Note 28212;For completeness, this guide covers both risk averse and risk taking attitudes. Most investors, however, are likely to be risk averse. The principles described herein apply both to the typical case where investors have different degrees of risk aversion and to the atypical case where some investors are risk taking while others are risk averse. No single technique can be labeled the best technique in every situation for treating uncertainty, risk, or both. What is best depends on the following: availability of data, availability of resources (time, money, expertise), computational aids (for example, computer services), user understanding, ability to measure risk exposure and risk attitude, risk attitude of decision makers, level of risk exposure of the project, and size of the investment relative to the institution''s portfolio.1.1 This guide covers techniques for treating uncertainty in input values to an economic analysis of a building investment project. It also recommends techniques for evaluating the risk that a project will have a less favorable economic outcome than what is desired or expected. 1.2 The techniques include breakeven analysis, sensitivity analysis, risk-adjusted discounting, the mean-variance criterion and coefficient of variation, decision analysis, and simulation. 1.3 The techniques can be used with economic methods that measure economic performance, such as life-cycle cost analysis, net benefits, the benefit-to-cost ratio, internal rate of return, and payback.

Standard Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncertainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildings and Building Systems

ASTM E1765-07e1 利用分析体系过程(AHP)进行有关建筑物和建筑系统投资的多属性决策分析的标准实施规范

The AHP method allows you to generate a single measure of desirability for project alternatives with respect to multiple attributes (qualitative and quantitative). By contrast, life-cycle cost (Practice E 917), net savings (Practice E 1074), savings-to-investment ratio (Practice E 964), internal rate-of-return (Practice E 1057), and payback (Practice E 1121) methods all require you to put a monetary value on benefits and costs in order to include them in a measure of project worth. Use AHP to evaluate a finite and generally small set of discrete and predetermined options or alternatives. Specific AHP applications are ranking and choosing among alternatives. For example, rank alternative building locations with AHP to see how they measure up to one another, or use AHP to choose among building materials to see which is best for your application. Use AHP if no single alternative exhibits the most preferred available value or performance for all attributes. This is often the result of an underlying trade-off relationship among attributes. An example is the trade-off between low desired energy costs and large glass window areas (which may raise heating and cooling costs while lowering lighting costs). Use AHP to evaluate alternatives whose attributes are not all measurable in the same units. Also use AHP when performance relative to some or all of the attributes is impractical, impossible, or too costly to measure. For example, while life-cycle costs are directly measured in monetary units, the number and size of offices are measured in other units, and the public image of a building may not be practically measurable in any unit. To help you choose among candidate buildings with these diverse attributes, use AHP to evaluate your alternatives. Potential users of AHP include architects, developers, owners, or lessors of buildings, real estate professionals (commercial and residential), facility managers, building material manufacturers, and agencies managing building portfolios.1.1 This practice presents a procedure for calculating and interpreting AHP scores of a project''s total overall desirability when making building-related capital investment decisions. 1.2 In addition to monetary benefits and costs, the procedure allows for the consideration of characteristics or attributes which decision makers regard as important, but which are not readily expressed in monetary terms. Examples of such attributes that pertain to the selection of a building alternative (and its surroundings) are location/accessibility, site security, maintainability, quality of the sound and visual environment, and image to the public and occupants.

Standard Practice for Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of Investments Related to Buildings and Building Systems

DIN 276-1:2006 高层建筑成本.第1部分:建筑物

This part of the standard deals with cost planning in building construction, in particular with the identification and classification of costs. It covers the direct costs of work performed for the new construction, conversion and modernization of buildings as the indirect costs involved; see DIN 18960 for specifications relating to the running costs of buildings. The standard defines terms to be used in cost planning; it specifies the distinctive features of costs, thus providing a basis on which comparisons of the results of such cost planning may be undertaken. Cost data identified in accordance with this standard may, when used for other purposes (e.g. payment of contractor's work, tax relief applications), be taken as input data for the necessary calculations. However, an evaluation of costs in terms of the relevant regulations lies outside the scope of this standard.

Building costs - Part 1: Building construction

DIN 18302:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分: 建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).地上凿洞沉降作业

1.1 This standard deals with the sinking of boreholes for bored wells for water extraction and introduction, groundwater lowering, drainage, and degasification purposes. It also covers the development of boreholes for use as groundwater gauging stations, to take geotechnical measurements, to make use of geothermal energy, and to install anodes. The standard also deals with the maintenance, the rehabilitation and the abandonment of such boreholes. 1.2 This standard dose not cover eathhworks associated with borehole sinking operations (cf. DIN 18300) or the development of boreholes for the construction of bored piles. 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Borehole extension works

DIN 18353:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).地板找平层敷设

1.1 This standard deals with the laying of screed on floors. 1.2 This standard does not cover the laying of fabricated screed and the construction of dry floors (cf. DIN 18340), nor the hot application of mastic asphalt screed (cf. DIN 18354). 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Floor screed works

DIN 18386:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).建筑物自动化和控制系统

1.1 This standard covers systems for the measurement, control, regulation and routing of services as part of building automation and control systems. 1.2 This standard does not cover equipment which functions independently (e.g. controls for coolers, burners or lifts), neither does it cover the incorporation of any function of independent equipment in the building automation and control system. 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Automation installations in buildings

DIN 18354:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).敷沥青作业

1.1 This standard specifies requirements relating to the laying of mastic asphalt screed as specified in the DIN 18560 and DIN 28052 series of standards, the use of waterproofing combined with mastic asphalt to DIN 18195-5, and the use of mastic asphalt to protect waterproofing as specified in DIN 18195-10, and to the preparation of impervious mastic asphalt coatings and linings of tanks or containers in contact with water polluting agents. 1.2 This standard does not cover work involving surfacings on roads or road surfacings on bridges (cf. DIN 18317), even though these may be made of mastic asphalt, or revetment work (cf. DIN 18310). 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Asphalt flooring works

DIN 18381:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).建筑物内气、水和排水管道工程的安装

1.1 This standard deals with plumbing work associated with the installation of pipework for gas, water and drainage services inside buildings and other structures. 1.2 This standard does not cover the laying of pressure pipework outside building (cf. DIN 18307) and underground drainage (cf. DIN 18306). 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Gas, water and sewage plumbing works inside of buildings

DIN 18380:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).中央供热系统和热水供应系统装置

1.1 This standard covers the installation of central heating systems and hot water supply systems. 1.2 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Systems for heating and central water heating

DIN 18355:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).细木工

1.1 This standard deals with the work involved in the production and installation of timber and plastic components, such as doors, gates, windows, window elements, folding shutters, partitions, wall and ceiling linings, fitted cupboards and other fitments and fixtures. It also covers timber/metal composite assemblies. 1.2 This standard does not cover work involving the installation of curtain walling (cf. DIN 18351), builder's hardware (cf. DIN 18357)f or glazing (cf. DIN 18361). 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Joinery works

DIN 18379:2006 德国建筑合同程序.第C部分:建筑工程通用技术规范.房间通风系统

1.1 This standard deals with the installation of air conditioning systems in which the air is transported by mechanical means. 1.2 This standard does not cover natural ventilation systems nor does it apply to industrial applications in which the air flow in a given system has a technical function in equipment or machinery used for particular processes. 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Room ventilation systems

DIN 18334:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).木工

1.1 This standard deals with work on all timber structures of dry construction for carpentry and civil engineering purposes. 1.2 This standard does not cover work involving formwork for concreting purposes (cf. DIN 18331), trenchwork (cf. DIN 18303), dry lining or partitioning work (cf. DIN 18340), parquetry (cf. DIN 18356), the manufacture of ledged and braced doors and gates (cf. DIN 18355), and the installation of large panels of back-ventilated cladding made of materials other than timber and wood-based panel products (cf. DIN 18351). 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Carpentry and timber construction works

DIN 18338:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).屋顶铺设工程

1.1 This standard deals with roofing work including the provision of insulating and protective layers. It also applies to work involving the application of claddings where these involve roofing materials. 1.2 This standard does not cover - sheet metal roofing (cf. DIN 18339); - construction of roof decks from battens or boarding, and the cladding of walls with timber shingles (cf. DIN 18334); - sealing against ground moisture and water, irrespective of whether this exerts hydrostatic pressure, waterproofing of decks for green roofs (cf. DIN 18336); - work on back-ventilated external vertical enclosures of buildings, where the enclosures are made of materials other than roofing materials (cf. DIN 18351); - metalwork (cf. DIN 18360). 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Roof covering and roof sealing works

DIN 18421:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).服务设施隔离

1.1 This standard deals with the insulation of industrial and domestic service, production and distribution installations (e.g. vessels, containers, columns, tanks, steam generators, pipework, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, cold water systems, hot water systems), and with the insulation in cold stores and controlled-climate chambers. 1.2 This standard does not cover the insulation of buildings and other structures or the insulation in control areas in nuclear power stations. 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Insulation works on technical installations

DIN 18318:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).道路建设.接头易断裂的方块铺石和混凝土路面及环境

1.1 This standard covers the paving of roads of any type, of open spaces, courtyards, railway platforms and track systems, with setts or slabs, including those produced from natural stone, precast concrete, or with bricks. It also applies to surrounds, channels and gutters made with setts or slabs. 1.2 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Construction works for traffic lines - Stone and tile pavements without binders, kerbs

DIN 18451:2006 德国建筑合同程序.第C部分:建筑工程通用技术规范.脚手架作业

1.1 This standard deals with the erection, reassembly on the same site, dismantling and hire of scaffolds used as temporary working platforms in construction work. 1.2 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Scaffolding works

DIN 18366:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).墙和天花板装饰涂层的应用

1.1 This standard specifies requirements relating to workmanship when applying decorative coverings on walls and ceilings. 1.2 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Wall paper hanging

DIN 18365:2006 建筑合同程序(VOB).第C部分:建筑合同通用技术规范(ATV).地面铺装作业

1.1 This standard specifies requirements relating to the laying of flooring supplied in rolls or as sheets made from linoleum, PVC, natural or synthetic rubber, textiles or cork, and to the laying of laminate. 1.2 This standard does not cover floor screeding (cf. DIN 18353), mastic asphalt work (cf. DIN 18354), laying of parquet flooring (cf. DIN 18356) and laying of wood block flooring (cf. DIN 18367). 1.3 Claused 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifications of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Flooring works

DIN 18363:2006 德国建筑合同程序.第C部分:建筑工程通用技术规范.喷漆.覆层工程

1.1 This standard deals with workmanship when working with coating materials such as paints, varnishes, and other materials. 1.2 This standard does not cover the following: - work on external thermal insulation composite systems (cf. DIN 18345); - plastering and rendering work (cf. DIN 18350); - wood stripping and polishing (cf. DIN 18355); - sealing of parquet flooring (cf. DIN 18356); - corrosion protection work (cf. DIN 18364); - sealing of wood block flooring (cf. DIN 18367). 1.3 Clauses 1 to 5 of DIN 18299 shall also apply. In cases where the specifi?cations of DIN 18299 contradict the present standard, the latter shall take precedence.

German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Painting - coatings works