Z15 大气环境有毒害物质分析方法 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5075-96e1 室内空气中烟碱和3-乙烯基吡啶的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling/analysis of nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) in indoor air. This test method is based upon the collection of nicotine and 3-EP by adsorption on a sorbent resin, extraction of nicotine and 3-EP from the sorbent resin, and determination by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen selective detection. (1) 1.2 The active samplers consist of an XAD-4 sorbent tube attached to a sampling pump. This test method is applicable to personal or area sampling.1.3 This test method is limited in sample duration by the capacity of the XAD-4 tube for nicotine (about 300 g). This test method has been evaluated up to 24-h sample duration; however, samples are typically acquired for at least 1 h (sometimes only 1 h). (2)1.4 For this test method, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for nicotine at a sampling rate of 1.5 L/min are, respectively, 0.11 g/m3 and 0.37 g/m3 for 1-h sample duration and 0.01 g/m3 and 0.05 g/m3 for 8-h sample duration. The LOD and LOQ for 3-EP at a sampling rate of 1.5 L/min are, respectively, 0.06 g/m3 and 0.19 g/m3 for 1-h sample duration and 0.01 g/m3 and 0.02 g/m 3 for 8-h sample duration (2). Both LOD and LOQ can be reduced by increasing the sensitivity of the thermionic specific detector. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given in 13.6 .

Standard Test Method for Nicotine and 3-Ethenylpyridine in Indoor Air

ASTM D4490-96(2011) 用检测管测定有毒气体或蒸气浓度的标准操作规程

The Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration, in 29 CFR 1910, designates that certain gases and vapors must not be present in workplace atmospheres at concentrations above specific values. This practice will provide a means for the determination of airborne concentrations of certain gases and vapors given in 29 CFR 1910. A partial list of chemicals for which this practice is applicable is presented in Annex A1. This practice also provides for the sampling of gaseous atmospheres to be used for process control or other purposes (2, 23-25). 1.1 This practice covers the detection and measurement of concentrations of toxic gases or vapors using detector tubes (1, 2). A list of some of the gases and vapors that can be detected by this practice, their 1994–95 TLV values recommended by the ACGIH, and their measurement ranges are provided in Annex A1. This list is given as a guide and should be considered neither absolute nor complete. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring the Concentration of Toxic Gases or Vapors Using Detector Tubes

ASTM D6058-96 工作区环境内空中单晶陶瓷接触须测定浓度的标准操作

1.1 This practice is intended to assist individuals in the sampling and analysis of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, in the workplace environment. It describes sampling and analytical techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of SCCW, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. 1.2 The protocols currently in use for asbestos and other fibrous materials have been used as a guide in developing sampling and analytical procedures for characterizing fibers produced from the manufacture and use of SCCW. The sampling and analysis protocols described here have been written specifically for SCCW, however, they may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment

ASTM D5953M-96(2001) 利用低温预浓缩和直接火焰检测法测定周围空气中非甲烷有机化合物(NMOC)的标准测试方法(米制的)

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for sampling and determining concentrations of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) in ambient, indoor, or workplace atmospheres.1.2 The test method describes the collection of cumulative samples in passivated stainless steel canisters and subsequent laboratory analysis.1.2.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling in canisters at final pressures above atmospheric pressure (referred to as pressurized sampling).1.3 This test method employs a cryogenic trapping procedure for concentration of the NMOC prior to analysis.1.4 This test method describes the determination of the NMOC by the simple flame ionization detector (FID), without the gas chromatographic columns and complex procedures necessary for species separation.1.5 The range of this test method is from 20 to 10 000 ppbC (1,2). See 13.4 for procedures for lowering the range.1.6 The test method may yield less accurate results for some halogenated or oxygenated hydrocarbons emitted from nearby sources of industrial air pollutants. This is especially true if there are high concentrations of chlorocarbons or chlorofluorocarbons present.1.7 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Non-Methane Organic Compounds (NMOC) in Ambient Air Using Cryogenic Preconcentration and Direct Flame Ionization Detection Method (Metric)

ASTM D6057-96(2006) 用相位显微术对工作环境空气中单晶陶瓷晶须浓度的测定的标准试验方法

The SCCW may be present in the workplace atmosphere where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method can be used to monitor airborne concentrations of fibers in these environments. It may be employed as part of a personal or area monitoring strategy. This test method is based on dimensional considerations only. As such, it does not provide a positive identification of the fibers counted. Analysis by SEM or TEM is required when additional fiber identification information is needed. Note 18212;This test method assumes that the analyst is familiar with the operation of PCM instrumentation and the interpretation of data obtained using this technique. This test method is not appropriate for measurement of fibers with diameters less than approximately 0.25 μm due to visibility limitations associated with PCM. The SEM or TEM methods may be used to provide additional size information of SCCW if needed (refer to Practice D 6058 for additional information on the use of these methods). Results from the use of this test method shall be reported along with 95 % confidence limits for the samples being studied. Individual laboratories shall determine their intralaboratory coefficient of variation and use it for reporting 95 % confidence limits (1,3,4).1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the collection of fibers by filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a phase contrast microscope (PCM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected counting criteria. This test method cannot distinguish among different types of fibers. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 5 m in length, less than 3 m in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1. The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the diameter of the fibers visible by PCM (typically greater than 0.25 m in width) and the amount and type of coincident interference particles.1.3 A more definitive analysis may be necessary to confirm the identity and dimensions of the fibers located with the PCM, especially where other fiber types may be present. Such techniques may include scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The use of these test methods for the identification and size determination of SCCW is described in Practice D 6058 and Test Methods D 6059 and D 6056.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment by Phase Contrast Microscopy

ASTM D4185-96 原子吸收分光光度法测定工作场所空气中金属的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the collection, dissolution, and determination of trace metals in workplace atmospheres, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for 23 metals are given in Table 1. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section 9.)

Standard Practice for Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmosphere by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

ASTM D4185-96(2001)e1 原子吸收分光光度法测定工作场所空气中金属的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the collection, dissolution, and determination of trace metals in workplace atmospheres, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for 23 metals are given in Table 1. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section 9.)

Standard Practice for Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmosphere by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

ASTM D6059-96(2006) 用扫描电子显微技术对工作地点环境中气载单晶陶瓷细丝的浓度测定的标准试验方法

The SCCW may be present in the workplace atmosphere where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method can be used to monitor airborne concentrations of SCCW fibers in these environments. It may be employed as part of a personal or area monitoring strategy. This test method is based on morphology and elemental composition. The analysis technique has the ability to identify SCCW. Note 18212;This test method assumes that the analyst is familiar with the operation of SEM/EDS instrumentation and the interpretation of data obtained using these techniques. This test method is not appropriate for measurement of fibers with diameters ≤0.10 to 0.25 μm due to visibility limitations associated with SEM. The TEM method may be used to provide additional size information of SCCW if needed (see Practice D 6058 for additional information on the use of this test method). Results from the use of this test method shall be reported along with 95 % confidence limits for the samples being studied. Individual laboratories shall determine their intralaboratory coefficient of variation and use it for reporting 95 % confidence limits (1,3,4).1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the collection of fibers by filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected morphological and compositional criteria. This test method has the ability to distinguish among many different types of fibers based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 5 m in length, less than 3 m in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1. The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the diameter of the fibers visible by SEM (typically greater than 0.10 to 0.25 m in width as determined in 12.1.5) and the amount of coincident interference particles.1.3 A more definitive analysis may be necessary to confirm the presence of fibers with diameters 0.10 to 0.25 m in width. For this purpose, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is appropriate. The use of the TEM method for the identification and size measurement of SCCW is described in Practice D 6058 and Test Method D 6056.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment by Scanning Electron Microscopy

ASTM E729-96 用鱼、大型无脊椎动物和两栖动物进行剧毒毒性试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide (1) describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to dilution water, but not to food, on certain species of freshwater and saltwater fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians during 2- to 8-day exposures, depending on the species, using the static, renewal, and flow-through techniques. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting acute toxicity tests with many other aquatic species, although modifications might be necessary. 1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting acute tests. 1.3 Selection of the technique to be used in a specific situation will depend upon the needs of the investigator and upon available resources. Static tests provide the most easily obtained measure of acute toxicity, but should not last longer than 96 h. Renewal and flow-through tests may last longer than 96 h because the pH and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and test material are maintained at desired levels and degradation and metabolic products are removed. Static tests might not be applicable to materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solution, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test. Flow-through tests are generally preferable to renewal tests, although in some situations a renewal test might be more cost-effective than a flow-through test. Shell deposition tests with bivalve molluscs must be flow-through tests. 1.4 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct acute tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and on such materials as leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. See Guide E1192 Procedures for conducting acute tests on aqueous effluents. 1.5 In the development of these procedures, an attempt was made to balance scientific and practical considerations and to ensure that the results will be sufficiently accurate and precise for the applications for which they are commonly used. A major consideration was that the common uses of the results of acute toxicity tests do not require or justify stricter requirements than those set forth herein. Although the tests may be improved by using more organisms, longer acclimation times, etc., the requirements presented herein should usually be sufficient. 1.6 Results of acute toxicity tests should usually be reported in terms of an LC50 (median lethal concentration) or EC50 (median effective concentration). In some situations, it might only be necessary to determine whether a specific concentration is acutely toxic to the test species or whether the LC50 or EC50 is above or below a specific concentration. 1.7 This guide is arranged as follows: Section Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Summary of Standard 4 Significance and Use 5 Hazards 6 Apparatus 7 Facilities ......

Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians

ASTM D6057-96 用相位显微术对工作环境空气中单晶陶瓷晶须浓度的测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the collection of fibers by filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a phase contrast microscope (PCM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected counting criteria. This test method cannot distinguish among different types of fibers. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF). 1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 5 956;m in length, less than 3 956;m in width, an have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1. The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the diameter of the fibers visible by PCM (typically greater than 0.25 um in width) and the amount and type of coincident interference particles. 1.3 A more definitive analysis may be necessary to confirm the identity and dimensions of the fibers located with the PCM, especially where other fiber types may be present. Such techniques may include scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The use of these test methods for the identification and size determination of SCCW is described in Practice D 6058 and Test Methods D 6059 and D 6056. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment by Phase Contrast Microscopy

ASTM D6057-96(2001)e1 用相位显微术对工作环境空气中单晶陶瓷晶须浓度的测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the collection of fibers by filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a phase contrast microscope (PCM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected counting criteria. This test method cannot distinguish among different types of fibers. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF). 1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 5 956;m in length, less than 3 956;m in width, an have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1. The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the diameter of the fibers visible by PCM (typically greater than 0.25 um in width) and the amount and type of coincident interference particles. 1.3 A more definitive analysis may be necessary to confirm the identity and dimensions of the fibers located with the PCM, especially where other fiber types may be present. Such techniques may include scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The use of these test methods for the identification and size determination of SCCW is described in Practice D 6058 and Test Methods D 6059 and D 6056. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment by Phase Contrast Microscopy

ASTM D3269-96(2001)e1 大气和植物组织中氟化物含量分析的标准试验方法(人工法)

These test methods may be used for the determination of the fluoride content of particulate matter and gases collected in the atmosphere by passive and active monitors, including plant material. The user is warned that the fluoride content of passive collectors (including plant materials) gives a qualitative or semiquantitative measure of atmospheric concentrations or deposition rates of fluorides.1.1 These test methods describe manual procedures for the determination of fluoride in various types of samples. The procedures outlined, consequently, are appropriate to the analysis of ambient air samples taken by diverse sampling techniques when properly applied. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 10.7.1.3 and Ref (9).

Standard Test Methods for Analysis for Fluoride Content of the Atmosphere and Plant Tissues (Manual Procedures)

ASTM D6059-96 用扫描电子显微技术对工作地点环境中气载单晶陶瓷细丝的浓度测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the collection of fibers by filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected morphological and compositional criteria. This test method has the ability to distinguish among many different types of fibers based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 5 956;m in length, less than 3 956;m in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1. The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the diameter of the fibers visible by SEM (typically greater than 0.10 to 0.25 m in width as determined in 12.1.5) and the amount of coincident interference particles. 1.3 A more definitive analysis may be necessary to confirm the presence of fibers with diameters 0.10 to 0.25 956;m in width. For this purpose, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is appropriate. The use of the TEM method for the identification and size measurement of SCCW is described in Practice D 6058 and Test Method D 6056.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment by Scanning Electron Microscopy

ASTM D6059-96(2001) 用扫描电子显微技术对工作地点环境中气载单晶陶瓷细丝的浓度测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the collection of fibers by filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected morphological and compositional criteria. This test method has the ability to distinguish among many different types of fibers based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 5 956;m in length, less than 3 956;m in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1. The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the diameter of the fibers visible by SEM (typically greater than 0.10 to 0.25 m in width as determined in 12.1.5) and the amount of coincident interference particles. 1.3 A more definitive analysis may be necessary to confirm the presence of fibers with diameters 0.10 to 0.25 956;m in width. For this purpose, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is appropriate. The use of the TEM method for the identification and size measurement of SCCW is described in Practice D 6058 and Test Method D 6056.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment by Scanning Electron Microscopy

ASTM D6061-96 可呼吸的气雾剂样品性能评价的标准操作规程

1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of the performance of personal samplers of non-fibrous respirable aerosol. The samplers are assessed relative to a specific respirable sampling convention. The convention is one of several that identify specific particle size fractions for assessing health effects of airborne particles. When a health effects assessment has been based on a specific convention it is appropriate to use that same convention for setting permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient environment and for monitoring compliance. The conventions, which define inhalable, thoracic, and respirable aerosol sampler ideals, have now been adopted by the International Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO TR 7708), the Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, Ref (1)), developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed in Ref (3) and in part as a compromise between definitions proposed in Refs (3,4).1.2 This practice is complimentary to Test Method D 4532, which specifies a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone. The sampler evaluation procedures presented in this practice have been applied in the testing of the 10-mm cyclone as well as the Higgins-Dewell cyclone.3,4 Details on the evaluation have been recently published (5-7) and can be incorporated into revisions of Test Method D 4532. 1.3 A central aim of this practice is to provide information required for characterizing the uncertainty of concentration estimates from samples taken by candidate samplers. For this purpose, sampling accuracy data from the performance tests given here can be combined with information as to analytical and sampling pump uncertainty obtained externally. The practice applies principles of ISO GUM, expanded to cover situations common in occupational hygiene measurement, where the measurand varies markedly in both time and space. A general approach (8) for dealing with this situation relates to the theory of tolerance intervals and may be summarized as follows: Sampling/analytical methods undergo extensive evaluations and are subsequently applied without re-evaluation at each measurement, while taking precautions (for example, through a quality assurance program) that the method remains stable. Measurement uncertainty is then characterized by specifying the evaluation confidence (for example, 95 %) that confidence intervals determined by measurements bracket measurand values at better than a given rate (for example, 95 %). Moreover, the systematic difference between candidate and idealized aerosol samplers can be expressed as a relative bias, which has proven to be a useful concept and is included in the specification of accuracy (3.2.9-3.2.10).1.4 Units of the International System of Units (SI) are used throughout this practice and should be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol Samplers

ASTM D5660-96 使用发光海生细菌毒性试验法评定化学污染的水和土壤微生物去毒的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method (1) covers a procedure for the rapid evaluation of the toxicity of wastewaters and aqueous extracts from contaminated soils and sediments, to the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum , prior to and following biological treatment. This test method is meant for use as a means to assess samples resulting from biotreatability studies. Sensitivity data for P. phosphoreum to over 1300 chemicals have been reported in the literature (2). Some of the publications are very relevant to this test method (3). The data obtained from this test method, when combined with respirometry, total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), or spectrophotometric data, can assist in the determination of the degree of biodegradability of a contaminant in water, soil, or sediment (3). The percentage difference between the IC20 of treated and untreated sample is used to assess the progress of detoxification. 1.2 This test method is applicable to the evaluation of the toxicity (to a specific microbe) and its implication on the biodegradation of aqueous samples from laboratory research bio-reactors (liquid or soil), pilot-plant biological treatment systems, full-scale biological treatment systems, and land application processes (see Notes 1 and 2). Note 1-If the biologically treated material is to be discharged in such a manner as to potentially impact surface waters and ground water, or both, then the user must consult appropriate regulatory guidance documents to determine the proper test species for evaluating potential environmental impact (4). Correlations between data concerning reduction in toxicity produced by this test method and by procedures for acute or short-term chronic toxicity tests, or both, utilizing invertebrates and fish (see Guides E729 and E1192), should be established, wherever possible. Note 2-Color (especially red and brown), turbidity, and suspended solids interfere with this test method by absorbing or reflecting light. In these situations data are corrected for these effects by use of an absorbance correction procedure included in this test method (see 5.3, 6.1, and 6.2). 1.3 The results of this test method are reported in terms of an inhibitory concentration (IC), which is the calculated concentration of sample required to produce a specific quantitative and qualitative inhibition. The inhibition measured is the quantitative reduction in light output of luminescent marine bacteria (that is, IC20 represents the calculated concentration of sample that would produce a 20% reduction in the light output of exposed bacteria over a specified time). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxification of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Using a Toxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium

ASTM D6056-96(2006) 用传输电子显微技术对工作地点环境中气载单晶陶瓷细丝的浓度测定的标准试验方法

The SCCW may be present in the workplace atmosphere where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method can be used to monitor airborne concentrations of fibers in these environments. It may be employed as part of a personal or area monitoring strategy. This test method is based on morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure. The analysis technique has the ability to positively identify SCCW. Note 18212;This test method assumes that the analyst is familiar with the operation of TEM/EDS instrumentation and the interpretation of data obtained using these techniques. This test method is applicable for the measurement of the total population of SCCW fibers including fibers with diameters ≤0.1 μm. Results from the use of this test method shall be reported along with 95 % confidence limits for the samples being studied. Individual laboratories shall determine their intralaboratory coefficient of variation and use it for reporting 95 % confidence limits (2,5,6).1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected morphological and compositional criteria. This test method has the ability to distinguish among different types of fibers based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 0.5 m in length, less than 3 m in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1 (). The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the amount of coincident interference particles.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment by Transmission Electron Microscopy

ASTM D6058-96(2001) 工作区环境内空中单晶陶瓷接触须测定浓度的标准操作

1.1 This practice is intended to assist individuals in the sampling and analysis of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, in the workplace environment. It describes sampling and analytical techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of SCCW, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. 1.2 The protocols currently in use for asbestos and other fibrous materials have been used as a guide in developing sampling and analytical procedures for characterizing fibers produced from the manufacture and use of SCCW. The sampling and analysis protocols described here have been written specifically for SCCW, however, they may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environment

ASTM D6056-96(2001) 用传输电子显微技术对工作地点环境中气载单晶陶瓷细丝的浓度测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected morphological and compositional criteria. This test method has the ability to distinguish among different types of fibers based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF). 1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 0.5 181m in length, less than 3 956m in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1 (1). The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the amount of coincident interference particles. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environement by Transmission Electron Microscopy

ASTM D6056-96 用传输电子显微技术对工作地点环境中气载单晶陶瓷细丝的浓度测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected morphological and compositional criteria. This test method has the ability to distinguish among different types of fibers based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF). 1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 0.5 181m in length, less than 3 956m in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1 (1). The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the amount of coincident interference particles. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Concentration of Airborne Single-Crystal Ceramic Whiskers in the Workplace Environement by Transmission Electron Microscopy