Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases widely conserved among eukaryotes and are involved in many Cell ular programs such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell movement and cell death. MAPK signaling cascades are organized hierarchically into three-tiered modules. MAPKs are phosphorylated and activated by MAPK-kinases (MAPKKs), which in turn are phosphorylated and activated by MAPKK-kinases (MAPKKKs). The MAPKKK is in turn activated by interaction with a family of small GTPases and/or other protein kinases connecting the MAPK module to the cell surface receptor or external stimuli.
返回