全球高危P4实验室简介以及当地的人口数字

2020.2.04

中国P4实验室项目以现有中科院武汉病毒所为依托建设，一期投资近1亿元人民币。2018年1月5日，武汉P4实验室正式运行。新落成的P4实验室位于武汉市江夏区的中科院武汉病毒所郑店园区内。

P4实验室是目前人类所拥有生物安全等级最高的实验室，也是专用于烈性传染病研究的大型装置，像埃博拉病毒这样的对人体具有高度危险性但尚无预防和治疗方法的病毒必须在P4实验室中进行研究。因此，P4实验室被誉为病毒学研究领域的“航空母舰”。

目前，世界上建成及在建的生物安全四级实验室有50余家，遍布世界五大洲，其中非洲大陆只有两个，分别位于南非和加蓬。单论国家而言，美国最多，有15个。实际上真正投入运行的BSL-4实验室并不多，下面介绍其中几个有代表性的实验室。

武汉P4实验室

2015年01月31日，中国科学院武汉国家生物安全实验室(武汉P4实验室)在武汉建成，标志着中国正式拥有了研究和利用烈性病原体的硬件条件。

2018年1月4日从国家卫生计生委科技教育司了解到，中国科学院武汉国家生物安全四级实验室通过国家卫计委高致病性病原微生物实验活动现场评估，成为中国首个正式投入运行的P4实验室，标志着我国具有开展高级别高致病性病原微生物实验活动的能力和条件。

武汉，简称汉，别称江城，是湖北省省会，中部六省唯一的副省级市，特大城市，2019年末户籍人口908.35万人，流动人口510.30万人，实时人口1400万人。

哈尔滨P4

2018年8月7日，依托中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所建设的国家动物疫病防控高级别生物安全实验室建成，由中国合格评定国家认可委员会在哈尔滨授予认可证书，实验室相关研究随之展开。

　　据中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所相关负责人介绍，该实验室是我国第一个完全自主设计、建设和管理运行的生物安全四级实验室。其建成运行，使我国具备开展所有已知重要传染病病原动物试验的能力，将有力提升我国烈性传染病的防控和研究能力。

　　生物安全四级实验室是生物安全防护等级最高的实验室。国家动物疫病防控高级别生物安全实验室于2004年立项，2015年12月建成并通过工程验收，2018年7月获得中国合格评定国家认可委员会认证。

哈尔滨市，是黑龙江省地级市，黑龙江省省会，2018年末户籍总人口951.5万人

澳大利亚P4

澳大利亚动物健康实验室位于维多利亚州的吉朗，是世界上著名的动物生物学研究机构，能够从事感染性疾病的基础性研究和其他复杂的生物学研究。维多利亚州北墨尔本的维多利亚传染病研究所下属的国家高安全性实验室主要开展病毒学、微生物学、流行病学和分子生物学研究，重点研究脊髓灰质炎病毒和结核分支杆菌。除一个标准的BSL-4实验室外，还有两个BSL-3实验室。

位置在澳大利亚的Geelong, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)，5 Portarlington Road，East Geelong Vic 3220，Australia

吉朗（Geelong）市，人口28万左右。位于菲利普湾西端的科里奥湾内，墨尔本西南76公里。

加拿大P4

加拿大国家微生物学实验室位于曼尼托巴省温尼伯的加拿大人畜健康科学中心，包括一个BSL-4和多个BSL-3、BSL-2实验室。其BSL-4实验室于1982年开始设计建设，历经18年，于2000年3月投入运行。研究方向有埃博拉病毒、马耳堡病毒和拉萨热病毒等。

温尼伯（Winnipeg）也称温尼伯格，座落于草原三省东缘，是加拿大第八大城市，也是曼尼托巴省的省会。曼尼托巴省过半数以上的人口都居住于该市。温尼伯全市人口约75.3万（2018年）。温尼伯的名字源于当地原住民的克里语，意为“浑水”。

法国P4

法国里昂的让·梅里厄实验室是欧洲第一个BSL-4实验室，也是世界上最先进的生物安全实验室。它于1999年3月竣工并投入运行。该实验室采用“盒子中的盒子”设计，外观新颖。其外层由钢筋和玻璃构成，内层是负压的密封空间。BSL-4核心区面积为1000平方米，分为三层：上层技术区、下层技术区、BSL-4工作区和安全通道区。BSL-4工作区为两个面积为60～70平方米、相互独立的实验室和一个独立的动物实验室构成。主要从事烈性病毒的检测、诊断、致病机理和疫苗研究，研究的主要有埃博拉病毒、拉萨热病毒、马耳堡病毒、登革热病毒和出血病毒等。

里昂（Lyon），法国东南部城市，人口：484,000

德国P4

位于汉堡的热带医学研究所有一个BSL-4实验室。此外，柏林的罗伯特·科赫研究所（RKI）也正在新建一个BSL-4实验室。作为维护公共卫生的最重要机构之一，RKI在预防和打击传染病以及卫生系统长期公共卫生趋势分析中起着重要作用。其科学家对各种病原体的分子性质和传播模式进行研究，不仅包括细菌和病毒，还包括像BSE（疯牛病）病原体的真菌，寄生虫和朊病毒。

汉堡，位于德国北部，德国第二大城市，人口：175万

柏林（Berlin），位于德国东北部，是德国的首都和最大的城市，人口约363.4万。

日本P4

国家传染病研究所1981年在东京都的武藏村山市建立了BSL-4设施，但是一直作为BSL-3实验室运作。鉴于埃博拉疫情的需要，该设施于2016年申请作为BSL-4实验室运行。另外，长崎大学计划在2020年左右建成一座规模较大的BSL-4实验室。

武藏村山市为位于东京都多摩地区北部的城市，总人口68,417人。

南非P4

南非国立病毒研究所（NIV）成立于1976年，后来在其基础上改建而成国立传染病研究所（NICD），并于2002年4月在约翰内斯堡建成一个BSL-4级的实验室。这里主要研究HIV病毒的行为以及病毒与宿主的关系，同时还从事埃博拉病毒、出血热病毒、马耳堡病毒、裂谷热病毒、拉萨热病毒和其他呼吸道病毒研究。

约翰内斯堡（Johannesburg），南非第一大城市，人口约388.81万人

美国P4

美国建成的BSL-4实验室有四个，其中一个在马里兰州德特里克堡的美国陆军传染病医学研究所（USAMRIID）内，除一个1000平方米的BSL-4实验室外，还建有5000平方米的BSL-3实验室，从事细菌病原学、病毒学及诊断与医学方面的研究。还有一个BSL-4实验室隶属于总部位于佐治亚州亚特兰大的美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC），是世界上最后的天花病毒两个保存地之一。而位于蒙大拿州的隶属于国家感染性疾病研究所的洛基山实验室也在新建一个700平方米的BSL-4实验室。

德特里克堡是位于马里兰州弗雷德里克，从华盛顿的美国陆军医疗司令部出发需要一个小时路程。是军队建制。

亚特兰大（Atlanta）位于美国东部，人口约47万

蒙大拿州（英语：Montana）是美国西北部的一州，2003年人口普查，蒙大拿州有917,621人。

世界上的P4实验室

序号	名字	位置	建设时间	说明
1	Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health	Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains
2		Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea	2013
3	University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3)	Australia, Queensland, Herston
4	Australian Animal Health Laboratory	Australia, Victoria, Geelong
5	National High Security Laboratory	Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne		National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.
6	Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology	Belarus, Minsk		Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies
7	National Microbiology Laboratory
8	Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences	China, Hubei, Wuhan	2003	Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli.
9	Biological Defense Center	Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín	1971, rebuilt 2003-2007	Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13]
10	Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux	France, Rh?ne-Alpes, Lyon	######	Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4.
11	Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville	Gabon		This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).
12	Robert Koch Institute	Germany, Berlin		The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008.
13	Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine	Germany, Hamburg
14	Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems	Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald)	2010	Deals especially with virology
15	Philipps University of Marburg	Germany, Marburg	2008	The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms
16	High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)	India, Bhopal	1998	This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.
17	Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology	India,Hyderabad	2009	National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine.
18	All India Institute of Medical Sciences	India, New Delhi	1993	Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines.
19	Microbial Containment Complex	India, Pune	2012	Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology
20	Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco	Italy, Lombardy, Milan		A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons.
21	Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive	Italy, Lazio, Rome		This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital.
22	National Institute for Infectious Diseases	Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama		Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities.
23	Institute of Physical and Chemical Research	Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba		This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility.
24	Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)	Netherlands, Bilthoven	2009
25	Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI)	Romania, Bucharest
26	"Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital	Romania, Bucharest
27	State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR	Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo		It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled.
28	National Institute for Communicable Diseases	South Africa, Johannesburg		National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent.
29	Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control	Sweden, Solna		Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility.
30	University Hospital of Geneva	Switzerland
31	Spiez Laboratory	Switzerland, Spiez
32	Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆阳实验室) Center of Disease Control	Taiwan		Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan.
33	Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense	Taiwan
34	Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections	United Kingdom, Colindale		Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit.
35	National Institute for Medical Research	United Kingdom, London
36	Institute for Animal Health	United Kingdom, Pirbright
37	Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory	United Kingdom, Compton
38	Defence Science and Technology Laboratory	United Kingdom, Porton Down
39	Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Special Pathogens Reference Unit.
40	Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Botulism.
41	Francis Crick Institute^[22]	United Kingdom, London		Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents.
42	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	United States, Georgia, Atlanta		Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox.
43	Georgia State University	United States, Georgia, Atlanta		Is an older design "glovebox" facility.
44	National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University	United States, Kansas, Manhattan		Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed.
45	National Institutes of Health (NIH)	United States, Maryland, Bethesda		Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.
46	Integrated Research Facility	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest.
47	National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security.
48	US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	1969	Old building
49	US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	2017?	New building, currently under construction
50	National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University	United States, Massachusetts, Boston		Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval.
51	NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories	United States, Montana, Hamilton		National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
52	Kent State University, Kent Campus	United States, Ohio, Kent		Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA.
53	Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility	United States, Texas, Galveston		Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23]
54	Shope Laboratory	United States, Texas, Galveston		Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB).
55	Texas Biomedical Research Institute	United States, Texas, San Antonio		The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US.
56	Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services	United States, Virginia, Richmond		This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity.