The network management architecture defined in [ITU-T M.3010] introduces the use of multiple management protocols. So far, the GDMO/CMIP and CORBA GIOP/IIOP are possible choices at the application layer. Based on the management interface specification methodology defined in [ITU-T M.3020], more technology-based paradigms can be introduced into network management interfaces, and web services/XML is now an additional paradigm for network management.