13.060.10 天然水资源 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5851-95(2000) 水监测计划的规划和实施标准指南

1.1 Purpose--This guide is generic in its application to surface or ground water, rivers, lakes, or estuaries (quantity and quality). It proposes a series of options that offer direction without recommending a definite course of action and discusses the major elements that are common to all purposes of water monitoring.1.2 The elements described are applicable whether the monitoring is only for one location or integrates multiple measurement sites for the purpose of assessing a whole watershed, estuary, or aquifer system.1.3 This guide is intended to outline for planners and administrators the components, process, and procedures which should be considered when proposing, planning, or implementing a monitoring program. The guide is not a substitute for obtaining specific technical advice. The reader is not assumed to be a technical practitioner in the water field; however, practitioners will find it a good summary of practice and a handy checklist. Other standard guides have or will be prepared that address the necessary detail.1.4 Monitoring Components--A water monitoring program is composed of a set of activities, practices, and procedures designed to collect reliable information of known accuracy and precision concerning a particular water resource in order to achieve a specific goal or purpose. The purposes may range in scope from tracking status and trends on a regional or national basis to gathering data to determine the effects of a specific management practice or pollution incident such as a spill. This guide suggests and discusses the following process and components:1.4.1 Establishment of program goals and objectives and recording of decisions in a written plan (see ),1.4.2 Developing background data and a conceptual model (see 6.1),1.4.3 Establishment of data (quality, quantity, type) objectives (see 6.2),1.4.4 Design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria (see 6.3),1.4.5 Data storage and transfer (see 6.6),1.4.6 Implementation of sampling and analysis strategies (see 6.4),1.4.7 Data quality assessment (see 6.5),1.4.8 Assessment of data (see 6.7),1.4.9 Program evaluation (see 6.8), and1.4.10 Reporting (see 6.9). See also in Fig. X1.1 in Appendix X1 and the condensed list of headings in Appendix X2.1.5 Monitoring Purposes--Establishing goals defines the purpose for monitoring. Each purpose has some monitoring design needs specific to itself. There are six major purposes for water monitoring. They are as follows:1.5.1 Determining the Status and Trends of Water Conditions--This can require long term, regular monitoring to determine how parameters change over time.1.5.2 Detecting Existing and Emerging ProblemsDetermining if, how, or where a substance may move through an aquatic system, or if water quantities are changing.1.5.3 Developing and Implementing Management and Regulatory Programs--Includes baseline and reconnaissance monitoring to characterize existing conditions such as to identify critical areas or hot spots; implementation monitoring to assess whether activities were carried out as planned; and compliance monitoring to determine if specific water quality or water use criteria were met.1.5.4 Responding to an Emergency--Performed to provide information in the near term.1.5.5 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Water Monitoring Programs--Is the monitoring able to achieve the stated goals? Also, monitoring to check on monitoring.1.5.6 Supporting research objectives or validating of simulation models.1.6 This guide is applicable to these purposes and provides guidance on some of the specific needs of each. After goals and objectives have been established, a specialist can define the type, frequency, and duration of sampling ......

Standard Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Monitoring Program

ASTM D5880-95(2006) 地下流量和传送带模型的制造标准指南

Subsurface fluid flow modeling is a well established tool that can aid in studying and solving soil and ground-water problems. Evaluation of more complex problems has been allowed as a result of advances in computing power and numerical analysis, yet confusion and misunderstanding over application of models still exists. As a result, some inappropriate use occurs and some problems which could be readily addressed are not. The purposes of this guide are to introduce the basic concepts of subsurface fluids modeling and to show how models are described and categorized. This guide should be used by practicing ground-water modelers, purchasers of modeling services, and by those wishing to understand modeling.1.1 This guide covers an overview of subsurface fluid-flow (ground-water) modeling. The term subsurface fluid flow is used to reduce misunderstanding regarding ground water, soil water, vapors including air in subsurface pores, and non-aqueous phase liquids. Increased understanding of fluid-flow phenomena is the combined result of field investigations and theoretical development of mathematical methods to describe the observations. The results are methods for modeling viscous fluids and air flow, in addition to water, that are practical and appropriate.1.2 This guide includes many terms to assist the user in understanding the information presented here. A ground-water system (soils and water) may be represented by a physical, electrical, or mathematical model, as described in . This guide focuses on mathematical models. The term mathematical model is defined in ; however, it will be most often used to refer to the subset of models requiring a computer.1.3 This guide introduces topics for which other standards have been developed. The process of applying a ground-water flow model is described in Guide D 5447. The process includes defining boundary conditions (Guide D 5609), initial conditions (Guide D 5610), performing a sensitivity analysis (Guide D 5611), and documenting a flow model application (Guide D 5718). Other steps include developing a conceptual model and calibrating the model. As part of calibration, simulations are compared to site-specific information (Guide D 5490), such as water levels.1.4 Model use and misuse, limitations, and sources of error in modeling are discussed in this standard. This guide does not endorse particular computer software or algorithms used in the modeling investigation. However, this guide does provide references to some particular codes that are representative of different types of models.1.5 Typically, a computer model consists of two parts; computer code that is sometimes called the computer program or software, and a data set that constitutes the input parameters that make up the boundary and initial conditions, and medium and fluid properties. A standard has been developed to address evaluation of model codes (see Practice E 978).1.6 Standards have been prepared to describe specific aspects of modeling, such as simulating subsurface air flow using ground-water flow modeling codes (see Guide D 5719) and modeling as part of the risk-based corrective action process applied at petroleum release sites (see Practice E 1739).1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the docu......

Standard Guide for Subsurface Flow and Transport Modeling

ANSI/SAE J123-1994 螺栓、螺纹、螺母表面断续疲劳试验

Surface Discontinuities on Bolts, Screws, and Studs in Fatigue Applications

AWWA M24-1994 水系统.第2版

This chapter presents and discusses the practices and requirements for the installation of PVC water distribution, PVCO water distribution, and PVC transmission water mains.

Dual Water Systems Second Edition

ASTM F625/F625M-94(2011)e1 泄洪控制系统水体分级的标准操作规程

This practice is to be used as a guide to classify water bodies for spill control systems. These classifications may be used in formulating standards for design, performance, evaluation, contingency and response planning, contingency and response plan evaluation, and standard practice for spill control systems. Relatively few parameters of broad range have been used in Table 1 in order to enable the user to readily identify general conditions under which spill control systems can be used. Satisfactory operation of any specific spill control systems may not extend over the full range of conditions identified by Table 1. Detailed discussion with systems suppliers is recommended. Effective operation of oil spill control equipment depends on many factors, of which the prevailing environmental conditions are just a few. Factors such as, but not limited to, deployment techniques, level of training, personnel performance, and mechanical reliability can also affect equipment performance.1.1 This practice creates a system of categories that classify water bodies relating to the control of spills of oil and other substances that float on or into a body of water. 1.2 This practice does not address the compatibility of spill control equipment with spill products. It is the user''s responsibility to ensure that any equipment selected is compatible with anticipated products. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Control Systems

ASTM D5609-94(2008) 确定地下水流型初始条件的标准指南

Accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water flow systems. This guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in ground-water systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in ground-water models. It also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in ground-water models.1.1 This guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water systems. This guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated ground-water flow model simulations. 1.2 This guide is one of a series of standards on ground-water flow model applications. Defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in Guide D 5447. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling

ASTM D5610-94(2008) 确定地下水流型初始条件的标准指南

Accurate definition of initial hydrologic conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling transient ground-water flow, because results of a simulation may be heavily dependent upon the initial conditions.1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures used in defining initial conditions for modeling saturated ground-water flow. The specification of initial conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water systems. 1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Defining Initial Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling

ISO 9391:1993 水质.大型无脊椎动物的深水取样.定殖、定性和定量取样器的使用指南

The colonization samplers described allow water quality to be assessed by providing a collection of macro-invertebrates indicative of the water quality at the sites of concern. They do not sample the natural invertebrate fauna, which may be restricted by physical conditions unrelated to water quality, and are to be used when studying lowland river waters of depth over 1 m. The deep water samplers described are for use in rivers deeper than 1 m on substrata ranging from mud to stones. They are unsuitable when sampling over macrophytes or stones of sizes greater than about 15 cm, or in very fast flowing water.

Water quality — Sampling in deep waters for macro-invertebrates — Guidance on the use of colonization, qualitative and quantitative samplers

ASTM D5409/D5409M-93(2010)e1 描述地下水位置的数据元集标准指南;第二部分:物质描述符

Data at ground-water sites are gathered for many purposes. Each of these purposes generally requires a specific set of data elements. For example, when the ground-water quality is of concern not only are the ‘minimum set of data elements’ required for the site, but information concerning the sample collection depth interval, method of collection, and date and time of collection are needed to fully qualify the data. Another group of elements are recommended for each use of the data, such as aquifer characteristics or water-level records. Normally the more information that is gathered about a site by field personnel, the easier it is to understand the ground-water conditions and to reach valid conclusions and interpretations regarding the site. The data elements listed in this guide and Guides D5408 and D5410 should assist in planning what information can be gathered for a ground-water site and how to document these data. Note 68212;Some important data elements may change during the existence of a site. For example, the elevation of the measuring point used for the measurement of water levels may be modified because of repair or replacement of equipment. This frequently occurs when the measuring point is an opening in the pump and the pump is modified or replaced. Because changes cannot always be anticipated, it is preferable to reference the height of the measuring point to a permanent nearby altitude datum. The measuring point is referenced by being the same altitude (zero correction) or above (negative correction) or below (plus correction) the altitude datum. All appropriate measurements should be corrected in reference to the altitude datum before entry into the permanent record. Care must be exercised to keep the relationship of these data elements consistent throughout the duration of the site. Some data elements have an extensive list of components or possible entries. For example, the aquifer identification list described in 6.1.8 has over 5000 entries. Lengthy lists of possible entries are not included in this guide, however, information on where to obtain these components is included with the specific data element. Note 78212;This guide identifies other sources, lists, etc., of information required to completely document information about any ground-water site.1.1 This guide covers Part Two of three guides to be used in conjunction with Practice D5254 that delineates the data desirable to describe a ground-water data collection or sampling site. This guide identifies physical descriptors, such as construction and geologic elements, for a site. Part One (Guide D5408) describes additional information beyond the minimum set of data elements that may be specified to identify any individual ground-water site, while Part Three identifies usage descriptors, such as monitoring, for an individual ground-water site. Note 18212;A ground-water site is defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydrau......

Standard Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site; Part TwoPhysical Descriptors

ASTM D5254/D5254M-92(2010)e1 识别地下水位用数据的最低设施的标准实施规程

Normally, the basic ground-water data are gathered by trained personnel during the field investigation phase of a study. Each agency or company has its own methods of obtaining, recording, and storing the information. Usually, these data are recorded onto forms that serve both in organizing the information in the field and the office, and many times as entry forms for a computer data base. For ground-water data to be of maximum value to the current project and any future studies, it is essential that a minimum set of key data elements be recorded for each site. The data elements presented in this practice do not uniquely imply a computer data base, but rather the minimum set of ground-water data elements that should be collected for entry into any type of permanent file. When obtaining basic data concerning a ground-water site, it is necessary to identify thoroughly that site so that it may be readily field located again with minimal uncertainty and that it may be accurately plotted and interpreted for data parameters in relationship to other sites. For example, information can be presented on scientific maps and in summary tables.1.1 This practice covers what information should be obtained for any individual ground-water site, also known as monitoring location or sampling station. As used in this practice, a site is meant to be a single point, not a geographic area or property. A ground-water site is defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulically connected to the ground water, are appropriate for the use intended (see 6.4.2.3). Note 18212;There are many additional data elements that may be necessary to identify a site, but are not included in the minimum set of data elements. An agency or company may require additional data elements as a part of their minimum set. 1.2 This practice includes those data elements that will distinguish a site as to its geographical location on the surface of the earth, political regimes, source identifiers, and individual site characteristics. These elements apply to all ground-water sites. Each category of site, such as a well or spring, may individually require additional data elements to be complete. Many of the suggested components and representative codes for coded data elements are those established by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey and used in the National Water Information Systems computerized data base (1). Note 28212;The data elements presented in this practice do not uniquely imply a computer data base, but rather the minimum set of ground-water data elements that should be collected for entry into any type of permanent file. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved. 1.4 This standard does not purport to addres......

Standard Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Groundwater Site

ASTM F1280-90(1999) 在淡水及其它内陆环境、非渗透层上使用浮油分散剂的生态条件

1.1 This guide covers the use of oilspill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a last resort after all other methods have failed. 1.3 This is a general guide only. If assumes the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the case of impermeable surfaces, the dispersant may act as a detergent. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. 1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts) and to clean them after a spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oilspill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Impermeable Surfaces

DIN 38404-16:1989 德国检验水、废水和污泥的标准方法.物理的及物理化学的特性参数(C组).第16部分:采用γ射线光谱测定法对饮用水、地下水、地面水及废水放射性核素的测定

The standard describes a chemical-physical method for the determination of radionuclides in water by -ray spectrometry. The method can be used for drinking water, ground water, surface water and waste water and for gamma energy 100 keV. The water samples will be measured direct of after evaporation with a high resolution semiconducting detector.

German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; physical and physicochemical parameters (group C); determination of radionuclides in drinking water, ground water, surface water and waste water by -ray spectrometry (C 1

SNI 06-1416-1989 水质抽样方法

Sampling methods for water

DIN 1988-5:1988 饮用水的供水系统.第5部分:增压和减压(DVGW 使用法规)

Drinking water supply systems; pressure boosting and reduction (DVGW code of practice)

DIN 1988-4:1988 饮用水设施的技术规范(TRWI).饮用水保护.饮水质量维护.DVGW技术规范

The standard gives the safety devices and measures for drinking water installations, which serve the protection of the drinking water and the preservation of the drinking water quality.#,,#

Drinking water supply systems; drinking water protection and drinking water quality control (DVGW code of practice)

DIN 1988-3 Bb.1:1988 饮用水设施的使用法规(TRWI).计算实例.第3 Bb 1部分:DVGW 使用法规

Codes of practice for drinking water installations (TRWI); examples for calculation; DVGW code of practice

DIN 38404-15:1987 德国对水、废水和污泥的标准检验法.物理和物理化学参数(C组).测定饮用水、地下水、地表水和废水中单位容积的β放射性(C15)强度

German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; physical and physico-chemical parameters (group C); determination of beta activity per unit volume in drinking water, ground water, surface water and waste water (C 15)

DIN 38404-14:1987 德国对水、废水和污泥的标准检验法.物理化学参数(C组).确定饮用水、地下水和地表水的总α放射性强度(C14)

The standard describes a chemical-physical method for the determination of total alpha activity in portable water, ground water and surface water. Therefor the pulverized residue of the water sample is to measure with a proportional counter.#,,#

German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; physical-chemical parameters (group C); determination of total alpha activity concentration in potable water, ground water and surface water (C 14)

ASTM D4581-86(2005) 水体表面的形态学特性的测定

No other standards presently exist for the survey of water body morphologic characteristics. The techniques described in the references represent the present state-of-art and contain sufficient information to inform geologists and engineers of the kinds of information to be gathered and the techniques to be used. The major categories of methodologies described in the references are: sounding, positioning, land surveys, sediment properties, sediment sampling techniques, photogrammetric methods, calculating volume and area, morphologic base data, weighted sediment dry weight, reservoir operations, equipment, and reporting results. The references are intended as operational manuals and do not describe experimental design.1.1 This guide covers the methods used for defining the morphologic characteristics of surface water bodies. This guide references manuals that provide various rationale and procedures necessary to conduct a morphologic survey.1.2 The references were written for specific agency use and may not be applicable in all cases (1-6)178;.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Characteristics of Surface Water Bodies

DIN 38402-13:1985 德国检验水、废水和污泥的标准方法.通用信息（Ａ组）.含水层的取样(A 13)

The standard describes the unified proceeding for the sampling, the preparation, the transport and the conservation of water-samples from rivers and streams. The water-samples serve the chemical, physical and biological examination of water. In the appendix is given an example for a sampling-report.#,,#

German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; general information (group A); sampling from aquifers (A 13)