13.060.10 天然水资源 标准查询与下载

SNI 19-4794-1998 废水中五氯苯酚的测试方法

Test methods for pentachlorophenol in water and waste water

CSN 75 1400-1997 地表水水文数据

Zpracovatel: ?esk? hydrometeorologick? ústav, Praha, I?O 020699, Ing. Bohuslava Kulasová Hydroprojekt, Praha, I?O 020672, Ing. Jaroslav Holík Pracovník ?eského normaliza?ního institutu: Ing. Ludmila Kratochvílová

Hydrological data on surface water

ASTM D6170-97(2010) 选择地下水模拟编码的标准指南

Ground-water modeling has become an important methodology in support of the planning and decision-making processes involved in ground-water management. Ground-water models provide an analytical framework for obtaining an understanding of the mechanisms and controls of ground-water systems and the processes that influence their quality, especially those caused by human intervention in such systems. Increasingly, models are an integral part of water resources assessment, protection, and restoration studies, and provide essential and cost-effective support for planning and screening of alternative policies, regulations, and engineering designs affecting ground water. Many different ground-water modeling codes are available, each with their own capabilities, operational characteristics and limitations. Furthermore, each ground-water project has its own requirements with respect to modeling. Therefore, it is important that the most appropriate code is selected for a particular project. This is even more important for projects that require extensive modeling, or where costly decisions are based, in part, on the outcome of modeling-based analysis. Systematic and comprehensive description of project requirements and code features provides the necessary basis for efficient selection of a ground-water modeling code. This standard guide is intended to encourage comprehensive and consistent description of code capabilities and code requirements in the code selection process, as well as thorough documentation of the code selection process.1.1 This guide covers a systematic approach to the determination of the requirements for and the selection of computer codes used in a ground-water modeling project. Due to the complex nature of fluid flow and biotic and chemical transport in the subsurface, many different ground-water modeling codes exist, each having specific capabilities and limitations. Furthermore, a wide variety of situations may be encountered in projects where ground-water models are used. Determining the most appropriate code for a particular application requires a thorough analysis of the problem at hand and the required and available resources, as well as detailed description of the functionality of candidate codes. 1.2 The code selection process described in this guide consists of systematic analysis of project requirements and careful evaluation of the match between project needs and the capabilities of candidate codes. Insufficiently documented capabilities of candidate codes may require additional analysis of code functionality as part of the code selection process. Fig. 1 is provided to assist with the determination of project needs in terms of code capabilities, and, if necessary, to determine code capabilities. 1.3 This guide is one of a series of guides on ground-water modeling codes and their applications, such as Guides D5447, D5490, D5609, D5610, D5611, D5718, and D6025 . 1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be ......

Standard Guide for Selecting a Groundwater Modeling Code

ASTM D6089-97(2010) 地下水取样过程文件形成的标准指南

When sampling ground-water monitoring wells, it is very important to thoroughly document all field activities. Sufficient field data should be retained to allow one to reconstruct the procedures and conditions that may have affected the integrity of a sample. The field data generated are vital to the interpretation of the chemical data obtained from laboratory analyses of samples. Field data and observations may also be useful to analytical laboratory personnel.1.1 This guide covers what and how information should be recorded in the field when sampling a ground-water monitoring well. Following these recommendations will provide adequate documentation in most monitoring programs. In some situations, it may be necessary to record additional or different information, or both, to thoroughly document the sampling event. In other cases, it may not be necessary to record all of the information recommended in this guide. The level of documentation will be based on site-specific conditions and regulatory requirements. 1.2 This guide is limited to written documentation of a ground-water sampling event. Other methods of documentation (that is, electronic and audiovisual) can be used but are not addressed in this guide. The specific activities addressed in this guide include documentation of static water level measurement, monitoring well purging, monitoring well sampling, field measurements, ground-water sample preparation, and ground-water sample shipment. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event

ASTM D6029-96 用Hantush-Jacob方法确定密闭含水层和泄漏密闭层的液压特性的标准测试方法（分析程序）可忽略不计

1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer and the leakance value of an overlying or underlying confining bed for the case where there is negligible change of a water in storage in a confining bed. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D 4050. 1.3 Limitations-The valid use of the Hantush-Jacob method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (Test Method D 4106) with the exception that in this case the aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness, and in which the gain or loss of water in storage is assumed to be negligible, and that bed, in turn, is bounded on the distal side by a zone in which the head remains constant. The hydraulic conductivity of the other bed confining the aquifer is so small that it is assumed to be impermeable (see Fig. 1). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky Confining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob Method

ASTM D6025-96(2002) 制定和评估地下水模式准则的标准指南

Ground-water modeling has become an important methodology in support of the planning and decision-making processes involved in ground-water management. Ground-water models provide an analytical framework for obtaining an understanding of the mechanisms and controls of ground-water systems and the processes that influence their quality, especially those caused by human intervention in such systems. Increasingly, models are an integral part of water resources assessment, protection, and restoration studies and provide essential and cost-effective support for planning and screening of alternative policies, regulations, and engineering designs affecting ground water. It is therefore important that before ground-water modeling codes are used as planning and decision-making tools, their credentials are established and their suitability determined through systematic evaluation of their correctness, performance characteristics, and applicability. This becomes even more important because of the increasing complexity of the hydrologic systems for which new modeling codes are being developed. Quality assurance in ground-water modeling provides the mechanisms and framework to ensure that the analytic tools used in preparing decisions are based on the best available techniqu1.1 This guide covers a systematic approach to the development, testing, evaluation, and documentation of ground-water modeling codes. The procedures presented constitute the quality assurance framework for a ground-water modeling code. They include code review, testing, and evaluation using quantitative and qualitative measures. This guide applies to both the initial development and the subsequent maintenance and updating of ground-water modeling codes.1.2 When the development of a ground-water modeling code is initiated, procedures are formulated to ensure that the final product conforms with the design objectives and specifications and that it correctly performs the incorporated functions. These procedures cover the formulation and evaluation of the code's theoretical foundation and code design criteria, the application of coding standards and practices, and the establishment of the code's credentials through review and systematic testing of its functional design and through evaluation of its performance characteristics.1.3 The code's functionality needs to be defined in sufficient detail for potential users to assess the code's utility as well as to enable the code developers to design a meaningful code testing strategy. Comprehensive testing of a code's functionality and performance

Standard Guide for Developing and Evaluating Ground-Water Modeling Codes

ASTM D6030-96(2008) 评价地下水或含水层敏感性和脆弱性的方法选择标准指南

Sensitivity and vulnerability methods can be applied to a variety of hydrogeologic settings, whether or not they contain specifically identified aquifers. However, some methods are best suited to assess ground water within aquifers, while others assess ground water above aquifers or ground water in areas where aquifers have not been identified. Intergranular media systems, including alluvium and terrace deposits, valley fill aquifers, glacial outwash, sandstones, and unconsolidated coastal plain sediments are characterized by intergranular flow, and thus generally exhibit slower and more predictable ground-water velocities and directions than in fractured media. Such settings are amenable to assessment by the methods described in this guide. Hydrologic settings dominated by fracture flow or flow in solution openings are generally not amenable to such assessments, and application of these techniques to such settings may provide misleading or totally erroneous results. The methods discussed in this guide provide users with information for making land- and water-use management decisions based on the relative sensitivity or vulnerability of underlying ground water or aquifers to contamination. Most sensitivity and vulnerability assessment methods are designed to evaluate broad regional areas for purposes of assisting federal, state, and local officials to identify and prioritize areas where more detailed assessments are warranted, to design and locate monitoring systems, and to help develop optimum ground-water management, use and protection policies. However, some of these methods are independent of the size of the area evaluated and, therefore, can be used to evaluate the aquifer sensitivity and vulnerability of any specific area. Many methods for assessing ground-water sensitivity and vulnerability require information on soils, and for some types of potential ground-water contaminants, soil is the most important factor affecting contaminant movement and attenuation from the land surface to ground water. The relatively large surface area of the clay-size particles in most soils and the soils'' content of organic matter provide sites for the retardation and degradation of contaminants. Unfortunately, there are significant differences in the definition of soil between the sciences of hydrogeology, engineering, and agronomy. For the purposes of this guide, soils are considered to be those unconsolidated organic materials and solid mineral particles that have been derived from weathering and are characterized by significant biological activity. In the United States, these typically include unconsolidated materials that occur to a depth of 2 to 3 m or more. In many areas, significant thicknesses of unconsolidated materials may occur below the soil. Retardation, degradation, and other chemical attenuation processes are typically less than in the upper soil horizons. These underlying materials may be the result of depositional processes or may have formed in place by long-term weathering processes with only limited biological activity. Therefore, when compiling the data required for assessing ground-water sensitivity and vulnerability, it is important to distinguish between the soil zone and the underlying sediments and to recognize that the two zones have significantly different hydraulic and attenuation properties.1.1 This guide covers information needed to select one or more methods for assessing the sensitivity of ground water or aquifers and the vulnerability of ground water or aquifers to water-quality degradation by specific contaminants. 1.2 This guide may not be all-inclusive; it offers a series of options and does not specify a course of action. It should not be used as the sole criterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace professional judgment. 1.3 This guide is to be used for evaluating sensitivity and vulnerability......

Standard Guide for Selection of Methods for Assessing Ground Water or Aquifer Sensitiviy and Vulnerability

ASTM F1738-96(1999) 测定空中施用漏油分散剂沉积性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the deposition of an aerially applied dispersant on the surface of the ground or water. The test method of obtaining these measurements is described, and the analysis of the results, in terms of dispersant use, is considered. There are a number of techniques that have been developed, and this test method outlines their application. These measurements can be used to confirm or verify the specifications of a given equipment set, its proper functioning, and use. 1.2 This test method is applicable to systems used with helicopters or airplanes. 1.3 This test method is one of four related to dispersant application systems. Guide F 1413 covers design, Practice F 1460 covers calibration, Test Method F 1738 covers deposition, and Guide F 1737 covers the use of the systems. Familiarity with all four standards is recommended. 1.4 There are some exposure and occupational health concerns regarding the methods described. These are not discussed in this test method since they are a function of dispersant formulation. Anyone undertaking such experiments should consult the occupational health experts of the dispersant manufacturer regarding the precautions to be used. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Deposition of Aerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants

ASTM D6025-96(2008) 发展和评估地下水模式准则的标准指南

Ground-water modeling has become an important methodology in support of the planning and decision-making processes involved in ground-water management. Ground-water models provide an analytical framework for obtaining an understanding of the mechanisms and controls of ground-water systems and the processes that influence their quality, especially those caused by human intervention in such systems. Increasingly, models are an integral part of water resources assessment, protection, and restoration studies and provide essential and cost-effective support for planning and screening of alternative policies, regulations, and engineering designs affecting ground water. It is therefore important that before ground-water modeling codes are used as planning and decision-making tools, their credentials are established and their suitability determined through systematic evaluation of their correctness, performance characteristics, and applicability. This becomes even more important because of the increasing complexity of the hydrologic systems for which new modeling codes are being developed. Quality assurance in ground-water modeling provides the mechanisms and framework to ensure that the analytic tools used in preparing decisions are based on the best available techniques and methods. A well-executed quality assurance program in ground-water modeling provides the information necessary to evaluate the reliability of the performed analysis and the level to which the resulting advice may be incorporated in decision-making regarding the management of ground-water resources. This guide is intended to encourage consistency and completeness in the development and evaluation of existing and new ground-water modeling codes by describing appropriate code development and quality assurance procedures and techniques. In the past, some ground-water modeling codes have been developed that have turned out to be quite useful without having been subject to all of the procedures described in this guide. Nonetheless, the procedures described in this guide will give greater assurances that a code does what its developers intended it to do and that a rational basis is available to judge code adequacy and limitations.1.1 This guide covers a systematic approach to the development, testing, evaluation, and documentation of ground-water modeling codes. The procedures presented constitute the quality assurance framework for a ground-water modeling code. They include code review, testing, and evaluation using quantitative and qualitative measures. This guide applies to both the initial development and the subsequent maintenance and updating of ground-water modeling codes. 1.2 When the development of a ground-water modeling code is initiated, procedures are formulated to ensure that the final product conforms with the design objectives and specifications and that it correctly performs the incorporated functions. These procedures cover the formulation and evaluation of the code''s theoretical foundation and code design criteria, the application of coding standards and practices, and the establishment of the code''s credentials through review and systematic testing of its functional design and through evaluation of its performance characteristics. 1.3 The code''s functionality needs to be defined in sufficient detail for potential users to assess the code''s utility as well as to enable the code developers to design a meaningful code testing strategy. Comprehensive testing of a code''s functionality and performance is accomplished through a variety of test methods. Determining the importance of the tested functions and the ratio of tested versus non-tested functions provides an indication of the completeness of the testing. 1.4 Ground-water modeling codes are subject to the software life cycle concept that c......

Standard Guide for Developing and Evaluating Ground-Water Modeling Codes

ASTM D4043-96(2010)e1 用水井技术测定水力特性的试验方法中含水层选择的标准指南

An aquifer test method is a controlled field experiment made to determine the approximate hydraulic properties of water-bearing material. The hydraulic properties that can be determined are specific to the test method. The hydraulic properties that can be determined are also dependent upon the instrumentation of the field test, the knowledge of the aquifer system at the field site, and conformance of the hydrogeologic conditions at the field site to the assumptions of the test method. Hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient of the aquifer are the basic properties determined by most test methods. Test methods can be designed also to determine vertical and horizontal anisotropy, aquifer discontinuities, vertical hydraulic conductivity of confining beds, well efficiency, turbulent flow, and specific storage and vertical permeability of confining beds.1.1 This guide covers an integral part of a series of standards that are being prepared on the in situ determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer systems by single- or multiple-well tests. This guide provides guidance for development of a conceptual model of a field site and selection of an analytical test method for determination of hydraulic properties. This guide does not establish a fixed procedure for determination of hydrologic properties. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 Limitations8212;Well techniques have limitations in the determination of hydraulic properties of ground-water flow systems. These limitations are related primarily to the simplifying assumptions that are implicit in each test method. The response of an aquifer system to stress is not unique; therefore, the system must be known sufficiently to select the proper analytical method. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques

ASTM D6028-96(2010)e1 用改良的hantus方法测定越流性隔水层中包括蓄水层的封闭含水层水压特性的标准试验方法

Assumptions: The control well discharges at a constant rate, Q. The control well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer. The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. The aquifer remains saturated (that is, water level does not decline below the top of the aquifer). The aquifer is overlain or underlain, or both, everywhere by confining beds individually having uniform hydraulic conductivities, specific storages, and thicknesses. The confining beds are bounded on the distal sides by one of the cases shown in Fig. 1.1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer taking into consideration the change in storage of water in overlying or underlying confining beds, or both. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050. 1.3 Limitations8212;The valid use of the modified Hantush method (1) is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Hantush-Jacob method (Test Method D6029) with the exception that in this case the gain or loss of water in storage in the confining beds is taken into consideration (see 5.1). All possible combinations of impermeable beds and source beds (for example, beds in which the head remains uniform) are considered on the distal side of the leaky beds that confine the aquifer of interest (see Fig. 1). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking into Consideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Beds by Modified Hantush Method

ASTM D6029-96(2010)e1 用Hantash-Jacob方法测定具有微量存储的越流性隔水层和封闭含水层水压特性的标准试验方法

Assumptions: The control well discharges at a constant rate, Q. The control well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer. The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. The aquifer remains saturated (that is, water level does not decline below the top of the aquifer). The aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness. It is assumed that there is no change of water storage in this confining bed and that the hydraulic gradient across this bed changes instantaneously with a change in head in the aquifer. This confining bed is bounded on the distal side by a uniform head source where the head does not change with time. The other confining bed is impermeable. Leakage into the aquifer is vertical and proportional to the drawdown, and flow in the aquifer is strictly horizontal. Flow in the aquifer is two-dimensional and radial in the horizontal plane. The geometry of the well and aquifer system is shown in Fig. 1.1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer and the leakance value of an overlying or underlying confining bed for the case where there is negligible change of water in storage in a confining bed. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050. 1.3 Limitations8212;The valid use of the Hantush-Jacob method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (Test Method D4106) with the exception that in this case the aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness, and in which the gain or loss of water in storage is assumed to be negligible, and that bed, in turn, is bounded on the distal side by a zone in which the head remains constant. The hydraulic conductivity of the other bed confining the aquifer is so small that it is assumed to be impermeable (see Fig. 1). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4.1 The converted inch-pound units use the gravitational system of units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The converted slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Discharging Well in a Leaky Aquifer (from Reed (1)).4 The Confi......

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky Confining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob Method

BOCA CHAPTER 10 IPSDC-1995 污水池

This table, a nomogram, determines the distribution pipe or manifold length, hole or distribution pipe spacing, number of boles, dis?ibution discharge rate and hole diameter of pressure distribution systems by the placement of a straightedge between two

Cesspools

ASTM D5880-95(2006) 地下流量和传送带模型的制造标准指南

Subsurface fluid flow modeling is a well established tool that can aid in studying and solving soil and ground-water problems. Evaluation of more complex problems has been allowed as a result of advances in computing power and numerical analysis, yet confusion and misunderstanding over application of models still exists. As a result, some inappropriate use occurs and some problems which could be readily addressed are not. The purposes of this guide are to introduce the basic concepts of subsurface fluids modeling and to show how models are described and categorized. This guide should be used by practicing ground-water modelers, purchasers of modeling services, and by those wishing to understand modeling.1.1 This guide covers an overview of subsurface fluid-flow (ground-water) modeling. The term subsurface fluid flow is used to reduce misunderstanding regarding ground water, soil water, vapors including air in subsurface pores, and non-aqueous phase liquids. Increased understanding of fluid-flow phenomena is the combined result of field investigations and theoretical development of mathematical methods to describe the observations. The results are methods for modeling viscous fluids and air flow, in addition to water, that are practical and appropriate.1.2 This guide includes many terms to assist the user in understanding the information presented here. A ground-water system (soils and water) may be represented by a physical, electrical, or mathematical model, as described in . This guide focuses on mathematical models. The term mathematical model is defined in ; however, it will be most often used to refer to the subset of models requiring a computer.1.3 This guide introduces topics for which other standards have been developed. The process of applying a ground-water flow model is described in Guide D 5447. The process includes defining boundary conditions (Guide D 5609), initial conditions (Guide D 5610), performing a sensitivity analysis (Guide D 5611), and documenting a flow model application (Guide D 5718). Other steps include developing a conceptual model and calibrating the model. As part of calibration, simulations are compared to site-specific information (Guide D 5490), such as water levels.1.4 Model use and misuse, limitations, and sources of error in modeling are discussed in this standard. This guide does not endorse particular computer software or algorithms used in the modeling investigation. However, this guide does provide references to some particular codes that are representative of different types of models.1.5 Typically, a computer model consists of two parts; computer code that is sometimes called the computer program or software, and a data set that constitutes the input parameters that make up the boundary and initial conditions, and medium and fluid properties. A standard has been developed to address evaluation of model codes (see Practice E 978).1.6 Standards have been prepared to describe specific aspects of modeling, such as simulating subsurface air flow using ground-water flow modeling codes (see Guide D 5719) and modeling as part of the risk-based corrective action process applied at petroleum release sites (see Practice E 1739).1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the docu......

Standard Guide for Subsurface Flow and Transport Modeling

ASTM D5851-95(2015) 设计和执行水监控方案的标准指南

4.1 The user of this guide is not assumed to be a technical practitioner in the water field. This guide is an assembly of the components common to all aspects of water monitoring and fulfills a need in the development of a common framework for a better coordinated and more unified approach to monitoring water. 4.2 Limitations—This guide does not establish a standard procedure to follow in all cases and it does not cover the details necessary to meet a particular monitoring objective. 1.1 Purpose—This guide is generic in its application to surface or ground water, rivers, lakes, or estuaries (quantity and quality). It proposes a series of options that offer direction without recommending a definite course of action and discusses the major elements that are common to all purposes of water monitoring. 1.2 The elements described are applicable whether the monitoring is only for one location or integrates multiple measurement sites for the purpose of assessing a whole watershed, estuary, or aquifer system. 1.3 This guide is intended to outline for planners and administrators the components, process, and procedures which should be considered when proposing, planning, or implementing a monitoring program. The guide is not a substitute for obtaining specific technical advice. The reader is not assumed to be a technical practitioner in the water field; however, practitioners will find it a good summary of practice and a handy checklist. Other standard guides have or will be prepared that address the necessary detail. 1.4 Monitoring Components—A water monitoring program is composed of a set of activities, practices, and procedures designed to collect reliable information of known accuracy and precision concerning a particular water resource in order to achieve a specific goal or purpose. The purposes may range in scope from tracking status and trends on a regional or national basis to gathering data to determine the effects of a specific management practice or pollution incident such as a spill. This guide suggests and discusses the following process and components: 1.4.1 Establishment of program goals and objectives and recording of decisions in a written plan (see 6.1), 1.4.2 Developing background data and a conceptual model (see 6.1.12), 1.4.3 Establishment of data (quality, quantity, type) objectives (see 6.2), 1.4.4 Design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria (see 6.3), 1.4.5 Data storage and transfer (see 6.6),

Standard Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Monitoring Program

ASTM D5754-95(2006) 地下水重要离子和微量元素化学分析结果显示的标准导则.两种或更多种分析质三线性图

1.1 This guide covers the category of water analysis diagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs as a technique for displaying the common chemical components from two or more complete analyses of natural ground water (see Section ) on a single diagram. This category includes not only trilinear-shaped diagrams but also the diamond- or parallelogram-, rectangular-, or square-shaped graphs that have trilinear subdivisions.1.2 This guide is the first of several documents to inform professionals in the field of hydrology with the traditional graphical methods available to display ground water chemistry. Note 1Subsequent guides are planned that will describe the other categories of diagrams that have been developed to display ground water chemical analyses. (1)A guide for diagrams based on data analytical calculations will include those categories of water analysis graphs in which one analysis is plotted on each diagram (for example, the pattern, bar, radial, and circle diagrams). (2)A guide for statistical diagrams will include those categories of water analysis graphs in which multiple analyses are analyzed statistically and the results plotted on the diagram (for example, the box, etc.).1.3 Numerous methods have been developed to display the ions dissolved in water on trilinear diagrams. These diagrams are valuable as a means of interpreting the physical and chemical mechanisms controlling the composition of water.1.4 The most commonly used trilinear methods were developed by Hill (), Langelier and Ludwig (), Piper (, ), and Durov (). These techniques are proven systems for interpreting the origin of the ions in natural ground water and for facilitating the comparison of results from a large number of analyses. Note 2The use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM. 1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Displaying the Results of Chemical Analyses of Groundwater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsTrilinear Diagrams for Two or More Analyses

ASTM D5851-95(2000) 水监测计划的规划和实施标准指南

1.1 Purpose--This guide is generic in its application to surface or ground water, rivers, lakes, or estuaries (quantity and quality). It proposes a series of options that offer direction without recommending a definite course of action and discusses the major elements that are common to all purposes of water monitoring.1.2 The elements described are applicable whether the monitoring is only for one location or integrates multiple measurement sites for the purpose of assessing a whole watershed, estuary, or aquifer system.1.3 This guide is intended to outline for planners and administrators the components, process, and procedures which should be considered when proposing, planning, or implementing a monitoring program. The guide is not a substitute for obtaining specific technical advice. The reader is not assumed to be a technical practitioner in the water field; however, practitioners will find it a good summary of practice and a handy checklist. Other standard guides have or will be prepared that address the necessary detail.1.4 Monitoring Components--A water monitoring program is composed of a set of activities, practices, and procedures designed to collect reliable information of known accuracy and precision concerning a particular water resource in order to achieve a specific goal or purpose. The purposes may range in scope from tracking status and trends on a regional or national basis to gathering data to determine the effects of a specific management practice or pollution incident such as a spill. This guide suggests and discusses the following process and components:1.4.1 Establishment of program goals and objectives and recording of decisions in a written plan (see ),1.4.2 Developing background data and a conceptual model (see 6.1),1.4.3 Establishment of data (quality, quantity, type) objectives (see 6.2),1.4.4 Design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria (see 6.3),1.4.5 Data storage and transfer (see 6.6),1.4.6 Implementation of sampling and analysis strategies (see 6.4),1.4.7 Data quality assessment (see 6.5),1.4.8 Assessment of data (see 6.7),1.4.9 Program evaluation (see 6.8), and1.4.10 Reporting (see 6.9). See also in Fig. X1.1 in Appendix X1 and the condensed list of headings in Appendix X2.1.5 Monitoring Purposes--Establishing goals defines the purpose for monitoring. Each purpose has some monitoring design needs specific to itself. There are six major purposes for water monitoring. They are as follows:1.5.1 Determining the Status and Trends of Water Conditions--This can require long term, regular monitoring to determine how parameters change over time.1.5.2 Detecting Existing and Emerging ProblemsDetermining if, how, or where a substance may move through an aquatic system, or if water quantities are changing.1.5.3 Developing and Implementing Management and Regulatory Programs--Includes baseline and reconnaissance monitoring to characterize existing conditions such as to identify critical areas or hot spots; implementation monitoring to assess whether activities were carried out as planned; and compliance monitoring to determine if specific water quality or water use criteria were met.1.5.4 Responding to an Emergency--Performed to provide information in the near term.1.5.5 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Water Monitoring Programs--Is the monitoring able to achieve the stated goals? Also, monitoring to check on monitoring.1.5.6 Supporting research objectives or validating of simulation models.1.6 This guide is applicable to these purposes and provides guidance on some of the specific needs of each. After goals and objectives have been established, a specialist can define the type, frequency, and duration of sampling ......

Standard Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Monitoring Program

ANSI/SAE J123-1994 螺栓、螺纹、螺母表面断续疲劳试验

Surface Discontinuities on Bolts, Screws, and Studs in Fatigue Applications

AWWA M24-1994 水系统.第2版

This chapter presents and discusses the practices and requirements for the installation of PVC water distribution, PVCO water distribution, and PVC transmission water mains.

Dual Water Systems Second Edition

ASTM D5609-94(2008) 确定地下水流型初始条件的标准指南

Accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water flow systems. This guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in ground-water systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in ground-water models. It also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in ground-water models.1.1 This guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water systems. This guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated ground-water flow model simulations. 1.2 This guide is one of a series of standards on ground-water flow model applications. Defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in Guide D 5447. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling