H24 金相检验方法 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1558-09 金相试样电解抛光标准指南

Advantages of Electrolytic Polishing: For some metals, a high quality surface finish can be produced that is equivalent to, or better than, that which can be obtained by mechanical methods. Once procedures have been established, satisfactory results can be obtained rapidly with reproducibility. There can be a marked saving of time if many specimens of the same material are polished sequentially. Electropolishing a selected area on the surface of a relatively large metal part can be accomplished nondestructively, that is, without the need for sectioning to remove a piece. Soft, single-phase metals, which may be difficult to polish by mechanical methods, may be successfully electropolished. The true microstructure of a specimen can be obtained because artifacts (such as disturbed metal, scratches, and mechanical twins) produced on the surface, even by careful grinding and mechanical polishing operations, can be removed. These features are important in low-load hardness testing, X-ray diffraction studies, and in electron microscopy, where higher resolution puts a premium on undistorted metal surfaces. After electropolishing is completed, etching can often be accomplished by reducing the voltage (generally to about one-tenth that required for polishing) for a short time before it is turned off. Note 28212;Not all electropolishing solutions produce good etching results. Disadvantages of Electrolytic Polishing: Many of the chemical mixtures used in electropolishing are poisonous or dangerous if not properly handled (see Section 5). These hazards are similar to those involved in the mixing and handling of etchants, see Test Methods E 407. In multi-phase alloys, the polishing rate of each phase may be different. The result may be a non-planar surface. Electropolished surfaces may be slightly undulated rather than perfectly planar and, therefore, may not be suitable for examination at all magnifications. The rate of polishing in areas adjacent to various inhomogeneities, such as nonmetallic inclusions and voids, is usually greater than that in the surrounding matrix and tends to exaggerate the size of the inclusions and voids. Dimples, pits, and waviness limit applications involving surface phenomena, coatings, interfaces, and cracks. Edges tend to be attacked preferentially, resulting in edge rounding. Artifacts may be produced by electropolishing. Specimen mounting materials may react with the electrolyte. The electropolished surfaces of certain materials may be passive and difficult to etch. Metal removal rates by electropolishing are usually quite low, typically about 1 μm/min, and all of the prior induced damage from cutting and grinding may not be removed if preparation is stopped after a 600-grit SiC grind and electropolishing times are short. A large number of electrolytes may be needed to polish the variety of metals encountered by a given laboratory. Considerable time may be required to develop a procedure for a new alloy.1.1 This guide deals with electrolytic polishing as a means of preparation of specimens for metallographic purposes. Procedures are described for polishing a variety of metals. Note 18212;References (1-133) on electrolytic polishing will provide the reader with specific information beyond the scope of this guide. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does n......

Standard Guide for Electrolytic Polishing of Metallographic Specimens

KS B ISO 3057:2008 无损检验.表面检验的金相复制技术

이 표준은 금속 표면의 상태에 있어서 기계적 및 야금학적 불균일성을 기록하는 데 지지가 있

Non-destructive testing－Metallographic replica techniques of surface examination

JIS G 0553:2008 钢.使用蚀刻法的宏观检验

This Standard specifies the test method for detecting the macrostructure on the cross-section of steel by etching with various etching solutions. NOTE 1 The aim of the test and the interpretation of results may depend on the particular cases. Details are subjected to the agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 2 The International Standard corresponding to this Standard is as fol- lows. ISO 4969 : 1980 Steel-- Macroscopic examination by etchillg with strong mineral acids (MOD) In addition, symbols which denote the degree of correspondence in the contents between the relevant International Standard and JIS are IDT (identical), MOD (modified), and NEQ (not equivalent) according to ISO/IEC Guide 21.

Steel -- Macroscopic examination by etching

ASTM A923-08 测定双联奥氏体/铁素体不锈钢不稳定金属间相的标准试验方法

1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in duplex stainless steels to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. 1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750°F (320 to 955°C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermal or thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance. 1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures. 1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product. 1.5 These test methods include the following: 1.5.1 Test Method A8212;Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3-7). 1.5.2 Test Method B8212;Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8-13). 1.5.3 Test Method C8212;Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14-20). 1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized. 1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material. 1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2. 1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1 The sodium hydroxide etch test may be used for the acceptance of material but not for rejection. This test method may be used with other evaluation tests to provide a rapid method for identifying those specimens that are free of detrimental intermetallic phases as measured in these other tests.

Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels

YB/T 5336-2006 高速钢中碳化物相的定量分析 X射线衍射仪法

Quantitative Analysis of Carbide Phase in High Speed Steel by X-ray Diffraction Method

YB/T 5337-2006 金属点阵常数的测定方法 X射线衍射仪法

Determination method of metal lattice constant X-ray diffractometer method

ASTM A923-06 测定双联奥氏体/铁素体不锈钢不稳定金属间相的标准试验方法

1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in duplex stainless steels to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes.1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750176;F (320 to 955176;C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermal or thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product.1.5 These test methods include the following:1.5.1 Test Method ASodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections ).1.5.2 Test Method BCharpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections ).1.5.3 Test Method CFerric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections ).1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in and .1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels

JIS G 0551 ERRATUM 1:2005 勘误

ERRATUM

DIN EN 10328:2005 钢铁.表面加热后常规淬硬深度的测定

Iron and steel - Determination of the conventional depth of hardening after surface heating; German version EN 10328:2005

JIS G 0551:2005 钢.表观粒度的显微测定

この規格は，鋼のフエライト又はオーステナイトの結晶粒度を測定するための顕微鏡試験方法について規定する。また，この規格は，結晶粒界の現出方法及び一様に結晶粒が分布する試験片の平均結晶粒度の求め方について規定する。結晶粒の形状は，立体的(三次元)であるため，顕微鏡試料の切断面は，結晶粒の端部から最大直径の部分までの任意の箇所になり得る。たとえ結晶粒が完全に同じ大きさであっても，平面上(二次元)に現れる結晶粒の大きさは，ある範囲にばらつく。

Steels -- Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size

AIR FORCE A-A-59619-2004 液压救援和打捞工具包

This commercial item description covers the Rescue Tool Set (RTS). The RTS is a complete hydraulic rescue tool ensemble composed of commercially available components, including; a diesel engine driven hydraulic power unit, a compressed air driven hydrau

RESCUE AND SALVAGING KIT, HYDRAULIC

YS/T 347-2004 铜及铜合金.平均晶粒度测定方法

Copper and copper alloys-Estimation of average grain size

NF A04-201:2003 钢.脱碳深度的测定

Steels - Determination of depth of decarburization.

NF A04-102:2003 钢.表观晶粒度的显微照相测定

Steels - Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size.

NF A04-202:2003 钢.渗碳层和硬化层深度的测定和检验

Steel - Determination and verification of the depth of carburized and hardened cases.

ISO 643:2003 钢.表面粒度的缩微照相测定

This International Standard specifies a micrographic method of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.

Steels - Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size

YS/T 448-2002 铜及铜合金铸造和加工制品宏观组织检验方法

Copper and copper alloys inspection method of macrostructure for cast and wrought products

KS D ISO 5949:2002 工具钢和轴承钢.用标准显微照相确定碳化物分布的显微照相法

이 규격은 탄소 함량이 0.1∼1.5 %이고 합금의 총량이 5 % 이하인 공구강과 베어링강

Tool steels and bearing steels-Micrographic method for assessing the distribution of carbides using reference photomicrographs

KS B ISO 3058:2001 无损检验.外观检验辅助设备.低倍放大镜的选择

1.1 이 규격은 다음 종류의 저배율 확대경의 특성을 규정하고, 표면 검사를 위한 확대경의

Non-destructive testing-Aids to visual inspection-Selection of low-power magnifiers

ASTM E3-01(2007)e1 金相样品制备标准指南

Microstructures have a strong influence on the properties and successful application of metals and alloys. Determination and control of microstructure requires the use of metallographic examination. Many specifications contain a requirement regarding microstructure; hence, a major use for metallographic examination is inspection to ensure that the requirement is met. Other major uses for metallographic examination are in failure analysis, and in research and development. Proper choice of specimen location and orientation will minimize the number of specimens required and simplify their interpretation. It is easy to take too few specimens for study, but it is seldom that too many are studied.1.1 The primary objective of metallographic examinations is to reveal the constituents and structure of metals and their alloys by means of a light optical or scanning electron microscope. In special cases, the objective of the examination may require the development of less detail than in other cases but, under nearly all conditions, the proper selection and preparation of the specimen is of major importance. Because of the diversity in available equipment and the wide variety of problems encountered, the following text presents for the guidance of the metallographer only those practices which experience has shown are generally satisfactory; it cannot and does not describe the variations in technique required to solve individual specimen preparation problems. Note 18212;For a more extensive description of various metallographic techniques, refer to Samuels, L. E., Metallographic Polishing by Mechanical Methods, American Society for Metals (ASM) Metals Park, OH, 3rd Ed., 1982; Petzow, G., Metallographic Etching, ASM, 1978; and VanderVoort, G., Metallography: Principles and Practice, McGraw Hill, NY, 2nd Ed., 1999. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens