H24 金相检验方法 标准查询与下载

ASTM A923-01 测定锻造奥氏体(二联)/铁素体不锈钢不稳定金属间标准试验方法

1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in mill products of duplex stainless steels to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes.1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750176;F (320 to 955176;C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases in the mill product. Rapid cooling of the mill product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the mill product.1.5 These test methods include the following:1.5.1 Test Method A8212;Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3-7).1.5.2 Test Method B8212;Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8-13).1.5.3 Test Method C8212;Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14-20).1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.1.8 An example of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance is given in .1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Wrought Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels

ASTM E1351-01(2006) 现场金相复制品的生产和评定标准实施规范

Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure that records and preserves the topography of a metallographically prepared surface as a negative relief on a plastic film (replica). The replica permits the examination and analysis of the metallographically prepared surface on the LM or SEM. Enhancement procedures for improving replica contrast for microscopic examination are utilized and sometimes necessary (see 8.1). Note 18212;It is recommended that the purchaser of a field replication service specify that each replicator demonstrate proficiency by providing field prepared replica metallography and direct LM and SEM comparison to laboratory prepared samples of an identical material by grade and service exposure.1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of replicas to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas

ASTM E1268-01 评定显微结构带状物等级或取向的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice describes a procedure to qualitatively describe the nature of banded or oriented microstructures based on the morphological appearance of the microstructure.1.2 This practice describes stereological procedures for quantitative measurement of the degree of microstructural banding or orientation. Note 18212;Although stereological measurement methods are used to assess the degree of banding or alignment, the measurements are only made on planes parallel to the deformation direction (that is, a longitudinal plane) and the three-dimensional characteristics of the banding or alignment are not evaluated.1.3 This practice describes a microindentation hardness test procedure for assessing the magnitude of the hardness differences present in banded heat-treated steels. For fully martensitic carbon and alloy steels (0.10-0.65 %C), in the as-quenched condition, the carbon content of the matrix and segregate may be estimated from the microindentation hardness values.1.4 This standard does not cover chemical analytical methods for evaluating banded structures.1.5 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.1.6 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values, when listed, are in parentheses and may be approximate.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures

ASTM E1268-01(2007) 评定显微结构带状物等级或取向的标准实施规范

This practice is used to assess the nature and extent of banding or orientation of microstructures of metals and other materials where deformation and processing produce a banded or oriented condition. Banded or oriented microstructures can arise in single phase, two phase or multiphase metals and materials. The appearance of the orientation or banding is influenced by processing factors such as the solidification rate, the extent of segregation, the degree of hot or cold working, the nature of the deformation process used, the heat treatments, and so forth. Microstructural banding or orientation influence the uniformity of mechanical properties determined in various test directions with respect to the deformation direction. The stereological methods can be applied to measure the nature and extent of microstructural banding or orientation for any metal or material. The microindentation hardness test procedure should only be used to determine the difference in hardness in banded heat-treated metals, chiefly steels. Isolated segregation may also be present in an otherwise reasonably homogeneous microstructure. Stereological methods are not suitable for measuring individual features, instead use standard measurement procedures to define the feature size. The microindentation hardness method may be used for such structures. Results from these test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer, for comparison of different manufacturing processes or process variations, or to provide data for structure-property-behavior studies.1.1 This practice describes a procedure to qualitatively describe the nature of banded or oriented microstructures based on the morphological appearance of the microstructure.1.2 This practice describes stereological procedures for quantitative measurement of the degree of microstructural banding or orientation.Note 18212; Although stereological measurement methods are used to assess the degree of banding or alignment, the measurements are only made on planes parallel to the deformation direction (that is, a longitudinal plane) and the three-dimensional characteristics of the banding or alignment are not evaluated.1.3 This practice describes a microindentation hardness test procedure for assessing the magnitude of the hardness differences present in banded heat-treated steels. For fully martensitic carbon and alloy steels (0.10-0.65 %C), in the as-quenched condition, the carbon content of the matrix and segregate may be estimated from the microindentation hardness values.1.4 This standard does not cover chemical analytical methods for evaluating banded structures.1.5 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.1.6 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values, when listed, are in parentheses and may be approximate.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures

ASTM E3-01(2007) 金相试样制备的标准指南

Microstructures have a strong influence on the properties and successful application of metals and alloys. Determination and control of microstructure requires the use of metallographic examination. Many specifications contain a requirement regarding microstructure; hence, a major use for metallographic examination is inspection to ensure that the requirement is met. Other major uses for metallographic examination are in failure analysis, and in research and development. Proper choice of specimen location and orientation will minimize the number of specimens required and simplify their interpretation. It is easy to take too few specimens for study, but it is seldom that too many are studied.1.1 The primary objective of metallographic examinations is to reveal the constituents and structure of metals and their alloys by means of a light optical or scanning electron microscope. In special cases, the objective of the examination may require the development of less detail than in other cases but, under nearly all conditions, the proper selection and preparation of the specimen is of major importance. Because of the diversity in available equipment and the wide variety of problems encountered, the following text presents for the guidance of the metallographer only those practices which experience has shown are generally satisfactory; it cannot and does not describe the variations in technique required to solve individual specimen preparation problems. Note 1 - For a more extensive description of various metallographic techniques, refer to Samuels, L. E., Metallographic Polishing by Mechanical Methods, American Society for Metals (ASM) Metals Park, OH, 3rd Ed., 1982; Petzow, G., Metallographic Etching, ASM, 1978; and VanderVoort, G., Metallography: Principles and Practice, McGraw Hill, NY, 2nd Ed., 1999.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens

ASTM E1351-01 现场金相复制品的生产和评定标准实施规范

1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of the metallographic replica to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity. 1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas

ASTM E505-01(2006) 铝和镁压模铸件检验用标准参考射线照相

1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through radiographic examination.1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard. Note 1The set of reference radiographs consists of five 81/2 by 11-in. cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in a 101/2 by 111/2-in. ring binder.Note 2Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM Reference Radiographs E 155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings, Volumes I and II.1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:1.2.1 Graded - Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/ 8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings.1.2.2 Ungraded - One illustration of one discontinuity for 0.20-in. (5.1-mm) thickness aluminum die casting; and one illustration of one discontinuity for 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) thickness magnesium die casting.1.3 This document may be used for other materials, thicknesses, or with other energy levels for which it has been found to be applicable and agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

ASTM E505-01(2011) 铝和镁压铸件检验用标准射线参考照片

These radiographs are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs. The radiographs are of castings that were produced under conditions designed to produce the discontinuities. These reference radiographs are intended to be used for casting thickness ranges in accordance with Table 1. The radiographic illustrations listed in Table 1 illustrate three types of discontinuities in four severity levels. Two ungraded illustrations have been included to establish the radiographic appearance of foreign material. These reference radiographs were produced in accordance with Guide E94. All of the references are original radiographs. Film Deterioration8212;Radiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the image deteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signs of wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced. TABLE 1 Reference Radiographs for Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings DiscontinuityPlate Thickness, in. (mm)Applicable Casting Thickness, in. (mm) Aluminum Die Castings Category A (Porosity)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category A (Porosity)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category B (Cold fill)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category C (Shrinkage)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category D (Foreign material)0.200 (5.08)up to 1 (25.4), incl Magnesium Die Castings Category A (Porosity)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category A (Porosity)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category B (Cold fill)1/8 (3.2)

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

YB/T 169-2000 高碳钢盘条索氏体含量金相检测方法

Metallographic test mothod for the sobit percent in the high carbon steel wire rod

NF A04-315-4:1999 钢锻件的无损检验.第4部分:奥氏体和奥氏体铁素体不锈钢锻件的超声波检验

Non-destructive testing of steel forgings. Part 4 : ultrasonic testing of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings.

NF A04-303*NF EN ISO 642:1999 钢.末端淬透性试验(乔米尼(Jominy)试验)

Steel - Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test).

DIN 50190-4:1999 热处理零件的硬化深度.第4部分:熔炼硬化深度和熔炼深度的测定

The document specifies a method for determination of the fusion hardening depth.

Hardness depth of heat-treated parts - Part 4: Determination of the fusion hardening depth and the fusion depth

JIS H 0522:1999 铝铸件射线照相的射线照相试验和分类的方法

この規格は，アルミニウム鋳物のX線又はγ線の透過写真による試験方法及び透過写真の等級分類方法について規定ずる。

Methods of radiographic test and classification by radiographs of aluminium castings

NF A04-315-1:1999 钢锻件的无损检验.第1部分:磁粉检验

Non-destructive testing of steel forgings. Part 1 : magnetic particle inspection.

ASTM E1268-99 评定显微结构带状物等级或取向的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice describes a procedure to qualitatively describe the nature of banded or oriented microstructures based on the morphological appearance of the microstructure.1.2 This practice describes stereological procedures for quantitative measurement of the degree of microstructural banding or orientation. Note 18212;Although stereological measurement methods are used to assess the degree of banding or alignment, the measurements are only made on planes parallel to the deformation direction (that is, a longitudinal plane) and the three-dimensional characteristics of the banding or alignment are not evaluated.1.3 This practice describes a microindentation hardness test procedure for assessing the magnitude of the hardness differences present in banded heat-treated steels. For fully martensitic carbon and alloy steels (0.10-0.65 %C), in the as-quenched condition, the carbon content of the matrix and segregate may be estimated from the microindentation hardness values.1.4 This standard does not cover chemical analytical methods for evaluating banded structures.1.5 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.1.6 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values, when listed, are in parentheses and may be approximate.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures

ASTM E2014-99(2005) 金相实验室安全的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the outline of the basic safety guidelines to be used in a metallographic laboratory. Safe working habits are discussed for various tasks performed in a metallographic laboratory.1.2 The sections appear in the following order:This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide on Metallographic Laboratory Safety

ASTM E2014-99 金相实验室安全的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the outline of the basic safety guidelines to be used in a metallographic laboratory. Safe working habits are discussed for various tasks performed in a metallographic laboratory. 1.2 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 The sections appear in the following order: Scope (Section 1); Referenced Documents (Section 2); Terminology (Section 3); Significance and Use (Section 4); Heat Treating (Section 5); Specimen Preparation/Sectioning (Section 6); Specimen Mounting (Section 7); Mechanical Grinding/Polishing (Section 8); Chemical Safety (Section 9); Electrolytic Polishing/Etching (Section 10); Sulfur Printing (Section 11); Laboratory Ventilation/Fume Hoods (Section 12); Chemical Spills (Section 13); Photography (Section 14); X-ray/Electron Microscopy (Section 15); Keywords (Section 15).

Standard Guide on Metallographic Laboratory Safety

ASTM E1558-99 金相试样电解抛光标准指南

1.1 This guide deals with electrolytic polishing as a means of preparation of specimens for metallographic purposes. Procedures are described for polishing a variety of metals. Note 1-References (1-133) on electrolytic polishing will provide the reader with specific information beyond the scope of this guide. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautions are described in Section 5 and 6.3.1.

Standard Guide for Electrolytic Polishing of Metallographic Specimens

ASTM E930-99 评价在金相磨片中观察到的最大晶粒(ALA晶粒)的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods describe simple manual procedures for estimating the size of the largest grain observed on a metallographically prepared plane section. 1.2 These test methods shall only be valid for microstructures containing outlier course grains, where their population is too sparse for grain size determination by Test Methods E112. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Estimating the Largest Grain Observed in a Metallographic Section (ALA Grain Size)

ASTM E1558-99(2004) 金相试样电解抛光标准指南

1.1 This guide deals with electrolytic polishing as a means of preparation of specimens for metallographic purposes. Procedures are described for polishing a variety of metals.Note 18212;References (1-133) on electrolytic polishing will provide the reader with specific information beyond the scope of this guide.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautions are described in Section 5 and 6.3.1.

Standard Guide for Electrolytic Polishing of Metallographic Specimens