07.100.01 (Microbiology in general) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E2722-14 用籽粒琼脂进行织物和空气过滤介质中抗菌剂活性的筛选评估的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides for rapid screening of antimicrobial treatments located in or on fabrics and air filter media. 5.2 This test method simulates actual use conditions that may occur on fabrics, for example, food and beverage spills; soiling from body contact, that is, body oils, skin cells; prolonged moisture exposure. 5.3 This test method provides a means to screen for activity and durability of an antimicrobial treatment under conditions of organic loading. 5.4 This test method provides for the simultaneous assessment of multiple fabric components, for example, fabric, component fibers with polymer incorporated treatments, and back coating if present, for antimicrobial activity. 5.5 Fabrics or filter media may be cleaned prior to testing with this method in order to assess the durability of the antimicrobial effect. 1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate qualitatively the presence of antibacterial and antifungal activity in or on fabrics or air filter media. 1.2 Use half-strength (nutrient and agar) tryptic soy agar as the inoculum vehicle for bacteria and half-strength potato dextrose agar as the inoculum vehicle for mold conidia. Use of half-strength agars may reduce undue neutralization of an antimicrobial due to excessive organic load. 1.3 This test method permits evaluation, both visually and stereomicroscopically, of the antimicrobial activity of fabric or filter media. 1.4 Use this test method to assess the durability of the antimicrobial treatments on new fabric or filter media, and on those repeatedly laundered or exposed to in-use conditions. 1.5 This test method may not be suited for covalently bonded (that is, silane-modified quaternary ammonium compounds) or actives with limited migration or solubility. 1.6 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for the practice of this test method. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Using Seeded-Agar for the Screening Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity in Fabric and Air Filter Media

ASTM E2894-13 将雾化芽孢杆菌孢子用作无生命表面干燥接种物的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides defined procedures for creating fluidized spore aerosols with particular emphasis on particle size distribution and spore preparation. 5.2 The efficacy of disinfection technologies can be evaluated on finished items, as well as those under development. 5.3 This test method defines procedures for the validation of the aerosol generator, preparation of the test specimen, application of the aerosolized spores, enumeration of viable spores, assessing data quality, and determining effectiveness of SSAMs. 5.4 Safety concerns associated with aerosolizing microbial agents are not addressed as part of this test method. Individual users should consult their safety authority, and a detailed biological aerosol safety plan and risk assessment must be established prior to using this method. Users are strongly urged to consult Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.7 1.1 This test method is designed to uniformly apply fluidized spores to surfaces as an aerosol under defined conditions. 1.2 This test method is specific to B. anthracis Delta (Δ)Sterne (BAΔS), but could be adapted for work with other types of Bacillus species. 1.3 This test method is suitable for working with any type of environmental surface. 1.4 This test method should be performed only by those trained in aerobiology, microbiology, or a combination thereof. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Applying Aerosolized Bacillus Spores as Dry Inocula to Inanimate Surfaces

ASTM E2196-12 用旋转盘式反应器量化随剪切连续流生长的铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)生物膜的标准试验方法

Bacteria that exist in a biofilm are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. The study of biofilm in the laboratory requires protocols that account for this difference. Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. The purpose of this method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of biofilms by clearly defining each system parameter. This method will enable a person to grow, sample, and analyze a laboratory biofilm.1.1 This test method is used for growing a reproducible (1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under medium shear conditions. In addition, the test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. 1.2 Although this test method was created to mimic conditions within a toilet bowl, it can be adapted for the growth and characterization of varying species of biofilm (rotating disk reactorrepeatability and relevance (2)). 1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area (rotating disk reactorefficacy test method (3)). 1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with Medium Shear and Continuous Flow Using Rotating Disk Reactor

ASTM E2894-12 将雾化芽孢杆菌孢子用作无生命表面干燥接种物的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is designed to uniformly apply fluidized spores to surfaces as an aerosol under defined conditions. 1.2 This test method is specific to B. anthracis Delta (??)Sterne (BA??S), but could be adapted for work with other types of Bacillus species. 1.3 This test method is suitable for working with any type of environmental surface. 1.4 This test method should be performed only by those trained in aerobiology, microbiology, or a combination thereof. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Applying Aerosolized Bacillus Spores as Dry Inocula to Inanimate Surfaces

ASTM E2799-12 用MBEC化验测试消毒剂对绿脓杆菌生物膜的功效的标准试验方法

Vegetative biofilm bacteria are phenotypically different from suspended planktonic cells of the same genotype. Biofilm growth reactors are engineered to produce biofilms with specific characteristics. Altering either the engineered system or operating conditions will modify those characteristics. The goal in biofilm research and efficacy testing is to choose the growth reactor that generates the most relevant biofilm for the particular study. The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in how to grow, treat, sample and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm using the MBEC Assay. Microscopically, the biofilm is sheet-like with few architectural details as seen in Harrison et al (6). The MBEC Assay was originally designed as a rapid and reproducible assay for evaluating biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics (2). The engineering design allows for the simultaneous evaluation of multiple test conditions, making it an efficient method for screening multiple disinfectants or multiple concentrations of the same disinfectant. Additional efficiency is added by including the neutralizer controls within the assay device. The small well volume is advantageous for testing expensive disinfectants, or when only small volumes of the disinfectant are available. 1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow and treat a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a high throughput screening assay known as the MBEC (trademarked) (Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration) Physiology and Genetics Assay. The assay device consists of a plastic lid with ninety-six (96) pegs and a corresponding receiver plate with ninety-six (96) individual wells that have a maximum 200-μL working volume. Biofilm is established on the pegs under batch conditions (that is, no flow of nutrients into or out of an individual well) with gentle mixing. The established biofilm is transferred to a new receiver plate for disinfectant efficacy testing. The reactor design allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple disinfectants or one disinfectant with multiple concentrations, and replicate samples, making the assay an efficient screening tool. 1.2 This test method defines the specific operational parameters necessary for growing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, although the device is versatile and has been used for growing, evaluating and/or studying biofilms of different species as seen in Refs (1-4). 1.3 Validation of disinfectant neutralization is included as part of the assay. 1.4 This test method describes how to sample the biofilm and quantify viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area. Efficacy is reported as the log10 reduction of viable cells. 1.5 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this assay. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applica......

Standard Test Method for Testing Disinfectant Efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm using the MBEC Assay

ASTM E2562-12 使用高剪切和连续流量的CDC生物膜反应器量化铜绿假单胞菌生物膜生长的标准试验方法

Bacteria that exist in biofilms are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (5, 7). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. For example, research has shown that biofilm grown under high shear is more difficult to kill than biofilm grown under low shear (5, 8). The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by clearly defining each system parameter. This test method will enable an investigator to grow, sample, and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm grown under high shear. The biofilm generated in the CDC Biofilm Reactor is also suitable for efficacy testing. After the 48 h growth phase is complete, the user may add the treatment in situ or harvest the coupons and treat them individually.1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a reproducible (1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm under high shear. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than being representative of one particular environment. 1.2 This test method uses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Biofilm Reactor. The CDC Biofilm Reactor is a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with high wall shear. Although it was originally designed to model a potable water system for the evaluation of Legionella pneumophila (2), the reactor is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilm of varying species (3-5). 1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area. 1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with High Shear and Continuous Flow using CDC Biofilm Reactor

ASTM E2888-12 使用pH进行逆转录病毒灭活过程的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice assures 5 log10 inactivation of non-defective C-type retroviruses, which are endogenous to murine hybridoma and CHO cells and are potentially present in the production stream of biopharmaceutical processes that use rodent derived cell culture. 1.2 The process parameters specified in this practice consistently assure 5 log10 inactivation of murine retrovirus by adjusting the pH of a process solution after initial affinity capture chromatography purification. 1.3 This practice is applicable to mAb, IgG fusion, or other recombinant proteins produced from rodent cell lines (for example, CHO or murine hybridoma), which do not target retroviral proteins. Additionally, the low pH step is performed on a cell-free intermediate, post initial capture using protein A chromatography. 1.4 The 5 log10 inactivation of murine retrovirus claimed by using this practice will be utilized in conjunction with other clearance unit operations (for example, chromatography and virus retentive filtration) to assure sufficient total process clearance of murine retroviruses, which will be supportive of early phase regulatory filings. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Practice for Process for Inactivation of Rodent Retrovirus by pH

ASTM F2664-11 用物理方法评估生物材料表面细胞附属物的标准指南

Cell attachment or, lack of it, to biomaterials is a critical factor affecting the performance of a device or implant. Cell attachment is a complicated, time-dependent, process involving significant morphological changes of the cell and deposition of a bed of extracellular matrix. Details of the adhesive bond that is formed have been reviewed by, for example, Pierres et al (2002) (4), Lukas and Dvorak (2004) (5), and Garcia and Gallant (2003) (6). The strength of this coupling can be determined either by monitoring the force of attachment between a cell and a substrate over time or by measuring the force required to detach the cell once it has adhered. Cell adhesion to a surface depends on a range of biological and physical factors that include the culture history, the age of the cell, the cell type, and both the chemistry and morphology of the underlying surface and time. These elements that need to be considered in developing a test protocol. Devising robust methods for measuring the propensity of cells to attach to different substrates is further complicated since either cell adhesion or detachment can be assessed. These processes that are not always similar or complementary. Most studies of cell attachment focus on obtaining some measure of the time-dependent force required to detach, or de-adhere, cells that have already adhered to a surface (James et al, 2005) (7). More recently investigators have begun to measure the adhesive forces that develop between cells and the underlying surface during attachment (Lukas and Dvorak, 2004) (5). From a practical point of view, it is much easier to measure the force required to detach or de-adhere cells from a surface than to measure those that develop during attachment. However, in both cases, the experimental data should be interpreted with a degree of caution that depends on the intended use of the measurements. The methods of measuring cell adhesion described herein are measures of the force required to detach an adherent cell. The purpose of this guide is to provide an overview of current generic test methods and identify the key factors that influence the assessment of cell adhesion and detachment. It is anticipated that this guide will form the basis for producing a series of standards that will describe these test methods in more detail.1.1 This guide describes protocols that can be used to measure the strength of the adhesive bond that develops between a cell and a surface as well as the force required to detach cells that have adhered to a substrate. Controlling the interactions of mammalian cells with surfaces is fundamental to the development of safe and effective medical products. This guide does not cover methods for characterizing surfaces. The information generated by these methods can be used to obtain quantitative measures of the susceptibility of surfaces to cell attachment as well as measures of the adhesion of cells to a surface. This guide also highlights the importance of cell culture history and influences of cell type. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Assessing the Attachment of Cells to Biomaterial Surfaces by Physical Methods

ASTM E2722-09 用接种琼脂进行织物和空气过滤装置中抗微生物活性的筛选评估的标准试验方法

This test method provides for rapid screening of antimicrobial treatments located in or on fabrics and air filter media. This test method simulates actual use conditions that may occur on fabrics, for example, food and beverage spills; soiling from body contact, that is, body oils, skin cells; prolonged moisture exposure. This test method provides a means to screen for activity and durability of an antimicrobial treatment under conditions of organic loading. This test method provides for the simultaneous assessment of multiple fabric components, for example, fabric, component fibers with polymer incorporated treatments, and back coating if present, for antimicrobial activity. Fabrics or filter media may be cleaned prior to testing with this method in order to assess the durability of the antimicrobial effect.1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate qualitatively the presence of antibacterial and antifungal activity in or on fabrics or air filter media. 1.2 Use half-strength (nutrient and agar) tryptic soy agar as the inoculum vehicle for bacteria and half-strength potato dextrose agar as the inoculum vehicle for mold conidia. Use of half-strength agars may reduce undue neutralization of an antimicrobial due to excessive organic load. 1.3 This test method permits evaluation, both visually and stereomicroscopically, of the antimicrobial activity of fabric or filter media. 1.4 Use this test method to assess the durability of the antimicrobial treatments on new fabric or filter media, and on those repeatedly laundered or exposed to in-use conditions. 1.5 This test method may not be suited for covalently bonded (non-soluble or non-leaching) antimicrobials such as silane-modified quaternary ammonium compounds. 1.6 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for the practice of this test method. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Using Seeded-Agar for the Screening Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity in Fabric and Air Filter Media

ASTM E2199-08 粉虱丽蚜小蜂Gahan的标准规范(膜翅目Hymenoptera:日光蜂科Aphelinidae)

This method was developed to determine that the numbers of E. formosa supplied in a shipment meet the package claim and that wasps at receipt have good flight capability. The application of this method will ensure a standardized evaluation of the product and judicious decisions about product compliance to the package claim.1.1 This specification describes a method for determining whether the quantity of quality of adult Encarsia formosa in a shipment adhere to quantity and quality specifications. The test also allows the purity of shipments to be determined. Included are referenced documents, a description of standard terminology, specifications, and the test method.

Standard Specification for Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)

ASTM E2196-07 用旋转盘式反应器量化随剪切连续流生长的铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的标准试验方法

Bacteria that exist in a biofilm are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. The study of biofilm in the laboratory requires protocols that account for this difference. Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. The purpose of this method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of biofilms by clearly defining each system parameter. This method will enable a person to grow, sample, and analyze a laboratory biofilm.1.1 This test method is used for growing a repeatable Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a continuously stirred flow reactor. In addition, the test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells.1.2 In this test method, biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area.1.3 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method. This standard does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Quantification of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with Shear and Continuous Flow Using a Rotating Disk Reactor

ASTM E2562-07 用疾病控制中心(CDC)生物膜反应器量化随高剪切连续流动生长的铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的标准试验方法

Bacteria that exist in biofilm are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (5). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. For example, research has shown that biofilm grown under high shear is more difficult to kill than biofilm grown under low shear (6). The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by clearly defining each system parameter. This test method will enable an investigator to grow, sample, and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm grown under high shear. The biofilm generated in the CDC biofilm reactor is also suitable for efficacy testing. After the 48 h growth phase is complete, the user may add the treatment in situ or harvest the coupons and treat them individually.1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a repeatable Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm under high shear (1). The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than representative of one particular environment.1.2 This test method uses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) biofilm reactor. The CDC biofilm reactor is a continuously stirred flow reactor with high wall shear. Although it was originally designed to model a potable water system for the evaluation of Legionella pneumophila (2), the reactor is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilm of varying species (3 and 4).1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area.1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with High Shear and Continuous Flow using CDC Biofilm Reactor

ASTM E2180-07 聚合或疏水材料中掺入抗菌剂的活性测定用标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate (quantitatively) the antimicrobial effectiveness of agents incorporated or bound into or onto mainly flat (two dimensional) hydrophobic or polymeric surfaces. The method focuses primarily on assessing antibacterial activity; however, other microorganisms such as yeast and fungal conidia may be tested using this method.1.2 The vehicle for the inoculum is an agar slurry which reduces the surface tension of the saline inoculum carrier and allows formation of a "pseudo-biofilm," providing more even contact of the inoculum with the test surface.Note 1This test method facilitates the testing of hydrophobic surfaces by utilizing cells held in an agar slurry matrix. This test method, as written, is inappropriate to determine efficacy against biofilm cells, which are different both genetically and metabolically than planktonic cells used in this test.1.3 This method can confirm the presence of antimicrobial activity in plastics or hydrophobic surfaces and allows determination of quantitative differences in antimicrobial activity between untreated plastics or polymers and those with bound or incorporated low water-soluble antimicrobial agents. Comparisons between the numbers of survivors on preservative-treated and control hydrophobic surfaces may also be made.1.4 The procedure also permits determination of "shelf-life" or long term durability of an antimicrobial treatment which may be achieved through testing both non-washed and washed samples over a time span.1.5 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for these procedures.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials

ASTM E2180-07(2012) 聚合或疏水材料中掺入抗菌剂的活性测定用标准试验方法

This method can be used to evaluate effectiveness of incorporated/bound antimicrobials in hydrophobic materials such as plastics, epoxy resins, as well as other hard surfaces. The aqueous based bacterial inoculum remains in close, uniform contact in a “pseudo-biofilm” state with the treated material. The percent reduction in the surviving populations of challenge bacterial cells at 24 h versus those recovered from a non-treated control is determined. The hydrophobic substrate may be repeatedly tested over time for assessment of persistent antimicrobial activity.1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate (quantitatively) the antimicrobial effectiveness of agents incorporated or bound into or onto mainly flat (two dimensional) hydrophobic or polymeric surfaces. The method focuses primarily on assessing antibacterial activity; however, other microorganisms such as yeast and fungal conidia may be tested using this method. 1.2 The vehicle for the inoculum is an agar slurry which reduces the surface tension of the saline inoculum carrier and allows formation of a “pseudo-biofilm,” providing more even contact of the inoculum with the test surface. Note 18212;This test method facilitates the testing of hydrophobic surfaces by utilizing cells held in an agar slurry matrix. This test method, as written, is inappropriate to determine efficacy against biofilm cells, which are different both genetically and metabolically than planktonic cells used in this test. 1.3 This method can confirm the presence of antimicrobial activity in plastics or hydrophobic surfaces and allows determination of quantitative differences in antimicrobial activity between untreated plastics or polymers and those with bound or incorporated low water-soluble antimicrobial agents. Comparisons between the numbers of survivors on preservative-treated and control hydrophobic surfaces may also be made. 1.4 The procedure also permits determination of “shelf-life” or long term durability of an antimicrobial treatment which may be achieved through testing both non-washed and washed samples over a time span. 1.5 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for these procedures. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials

ASTM D6831-05 利用惯性微量天平在烟囱内取样并测定烟气中颗粒物质的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.1.2 This method is suitable for collecting and measuring filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 mg/m3 and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200C and having gas velocities from 3 to 27 m/s.1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a description of the procedure used for calculating the results.1.6 Stack temperatures limitation for this test method is approximately 200C (392F).1.7 This test method may be also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species having the potential to react with or within the sample train.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

ASTM D6831-05a 利用惯性微量天平在烟囱内取样并测定烟气中颗粒物质的标准试验方法

The measurement of particulate matter is widely performed to characterize emissions from stationary sources in terms of total emission rates to the atmosphere for regulatory purposes. This test method is particularly well suited for use in performance assessment and optimization of particulate matter control systems, continuous particulate matter emissions monitoring systems and the measurement of low concentration particulate matter laden gas streams in the range of 0.2 mg/m3 to 50 mg/m3.1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.1.2 This method is suitable for collecting and measuring filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 mg/m3 and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200C and having gas velocities from 3 to 27 m/s.1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a description of the procedure used for calculating the results.1.6 Stack temperatures limitation for this test method is approximately 200C (392F).1.7 This test method may be also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species having the potential to react with or within the sample train.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

ASTM E2199-02 粉虱丽蚜小蜂Gahan的标准规范(膜翅目:日光蜂科)

1.1 This specification covers information on and the test method for determining the purity and number of adults released in shipments of Encarsia formosa, parasite of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood.

Standard Specification for Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)

ASTM E2196-02 用旋转盘式反应器测定带有剪切和连续流的铜绿色极毛杆菌生物膜生长的合格性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is used for growing a repeatable Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a continuously stirred flow reactor. In addition, the test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells.1.2 In this test method, biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area.1.3 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method. This standard does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Quantification of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with Shear and Continuous Flow Using a Rotating Disk Reactor

ASTM E2186-02a 用彗星分析法测定真核细胞中DNA单线损伤的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the recommended criteria for performing a single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCG) or Comet assay for the measurement of DNA single-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. The Comet assay is a very sensitive method for detecting strand breaks in the DNA of individual cells. The majority of studies utilizing the Comet assay have focused on medical applications and have therefore examined DNA damage in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo (1-4). There is increasing interest in applying this assay to DNA damage in freshwater and marine organisms to explore the environmental implications of DNA damage.1.1.1 The Comet assay has been used to screen the genotoxicity of a variety of compounds on cells in vitro and in vivo (5-7), as well as to evaluate the dose-dependent anti-oxidant (protective) properties of various compounds (3, 8-11). Using this method, significantly elevated levels of DNA damage have been reported in cells collected from organisms at polluted sites compared to reference sites (12-15). Studies have also found that increases in cellular DNA damage correspond with higher order effects such as decreased growth, survival, and development, and correlate with significant increases in contaminant body burdens (13, 16).1.2 This guide presents protocols that facilitate the expression of DNA alkaline labile single-strand breaks and the determination of their abundance relative to control or reference cells. The guide is a general one meant to familiarize lab personnel with the basic requirements and considerations necessary to perform the Comet assay. It does not contain procedures for available variants of this assay, which allow the determination of non-alkaline labile single-strand breaks or double-stranded DNA strand breaks (8), distinction between different cell types (13), identification of cells undergoing apoptosis (programmed cell death, (1, 17)), measurement of cellular DNA repair rates (10), detection of the presence of photoactive DNA damaging compounds (14), or detection of specific DNA lesions (3, 18).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.3 This guide is arranged as follows: SectionScope1Referenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Guide4Significance and Use5Equipment and Reagents6Assay Procedures7Treatment of Data8Reporting Data9Keywords10Annex A1References

Standard Guide for Determining DNA Single-Strand Damage in Eukaryotic Cells Using the Comet Assay

ASTM E2198-02 智利小植绥螨Athias-Henriot的规范(蜱螨目:植绥螨科)

1.1 This specification covers information on and two test methods for quantification of commercial shipments of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot ( Acarina:Phytoseiidae), predator of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch.

Specification for Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acarina:Phytoseiidae)